Linux: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:49, 1 February 2013

Revision as of 08:49, 4 February 2013

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{{about|the operating system|the kernel|Linux kernel}}

{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}

{{about|the operating system|the kernel|Linux kernel}}

{{infobox OS

| screenshot = [[File:Tux.svg|frameless|upright]]

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Some components of an installed Linux system are:

* A [[bootloader]] - for example [[GRUB]] or [[LILO (boot loader)|LILO]]. This is a program which is executed by the computer when it is first turned on, and loads the Linux kernel into memory.

* An [[init]] program. This is a [[Process_Process (computing)|process]] launched by the Linux kernel, and is at the root of the process tree: in other terms, all processes are launched through init. It starts processes such as system services and login prompts (whether graphical or in terminal mode)

* Software libraries which contain code which can be used by running processes. On Linux systems using [[Executable_and_Linkable_FormatExecutable and Linkable Format|ELF]]-format executable files, the [[dynamic linker]] which manages use of libraries is "ld-linux.so". The most commonly used software library on Linux systems is the [[GNU C Library]].

* User interface programs such as command shells or windowing environments

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Free software projects, although developed in a [[collaboration|collaborative]] fashion, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a [[Linux distribution]].

Many [[Linux distribution]]s, or "distros", manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a [[package manager]] such as [[dpkg]], [[Synaptic (software)|Synaptic]], [[YAST]], [[Yellowdog_UpdaterYellowdog Updater,_Modified Modified|yum]], or [[Portage (software)|Portage]] to install, remove and update all of a system's software from one central ___location.

===Community===

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{{Main|Desktop Linux}}

The popularity of Linux on standard desktop computers and laptops has been increasing over the years.<ref>[http://www.linux.org/info/index.html What is Linux]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> Currently most distributions include a graphical user environment, with the two most popular environments being [[GNOME]] (which can utilize additional [[Shell (computing)|shells]] such as the default [[GNOME Shell]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[Unity (desktop environment)|Unity]]), and the [[KDE Plasma Desktop]].{{cncitation needed|date=September 2012}}

The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a controversial topic; for example in 2007 [[Con Kolivas]] accused the Linux community of favoring performance on servers. He quit Linux kernel development because he was frustrated with this lack of focus on the desktop, and then gave a "tell all" interview on the topic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why I quit: kernel developer Con Kolivas|url=http://apcmag.com/node/6735/|accessdate=15 August 2011|date=24 July 2007|work=APC Magazine|publisher=ACP Magazines}}</ref> Since then a significant amount of development has been undertaken in an effort to improve the desktop experience. Projects such as [[Upstart]] and [[systemd]] aim for a faster boot time.

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===Servers, mainframes and supercomputers===

[[fileFile:Server Linux.jpg|thumb|Servers designed for Linux]]

[[Linux distributions]] have long been used as [[server (computing)|server]] operating systems, and have risen to prominence in that area; [[Netcraft]] reported in September 2006 that eight of the ten most reliable internet hosting companies ran Linux distributions on their [[web server]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rackspace Most Reliable Hoster in September | url = http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2006/10/07/rackspace_most_reliable_hoster_in_september.html | publisher = Netcraft | date = 7 October 2006 | accessdate =1 November 2006}}</ref> Since June 2008, Linux distributions represented five of the top ten, [[FreeBSD]] three of ten, and [[Microsoft]] two of ten;<ref>{{cite web | title = Aplus.Net is the Most Reliable Hosting Company Site in June 2008 | url = http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2008/07/07/aplusnet_is_the_most_reliable_hosting_company_site_in_june_2008.html | publisher = Netcraft | date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate =28 July 2008}}</ref> since February 2010, Linux distributions represented six of the top ten, [[FreeBSD]] two of ten, and [[Microsoft]] one of ten.<ref>{{cite web | title = Most Reliable Hosting Company Sites in February 2010 | url = http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2010/03/01/most_reliable_hosting_company_sites_in_february_2010.html | publisher = Netcraft | date = 1 March 2010 | accessdate =23 March 2010}}</ref>

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