Constructivist teaching methods: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:19, 13 December 2005

Revision as of 03:14, 19 May 2006

Line 1:

'''Constructivist teaching''' is based on the constructivist [[learning theory]], which holds that learning should build upon knowledge that a student already has, and that learning is more effective when a student is actively involved in the construction of knowledge, rather than when he/she is passively listening to a lecture.<ref (name="ssta">[http://www.ssta.sk.ca/research/instruction/97-07.htm#What%20is%20Constructivism? Constructivist Teaching and Learning]).</ref> Thus, the learners give meaning to the knowledge based on their personal experiences.

==History==

Constructivist teaching methods are based on the constructivist [[learning theory]] developed by [[Jean Piaget]]. Along with [[John Dewey]], [[Piaget]] researched [[childhood development]] and education. Their theories are now encompassed in those dealing with [[progressive education]].

The constructivist learning theory says that children learn best when they construct a personal understanding based on experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.<ref (name="thirteenorg">[http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/indexindex_sub5.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning]).</ref>

==Constructivist teaching strategies==

Line 10:

According to Audrey Gray, the characteristics of a constructivist classroom are as follows:

<UL><LI>*the learners are actively involved

<LI>*the environment is democratic

<LI>*the activities are interactive and student-centered

<LI>*the teacher facilitates a process of learning in which students are encouraged to be responsible and autonomous

</UL>

Furthermore, in the constructivist classroom, students work primarily in groups and learning and knowledge are interactive and dynamic. There is a great focus and emphasis on social and communication skills, as well as collaboration and exchange of ideas ([http:<ref name="thirteenorg"//www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub6.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning])>. This is contrary to the traditional classroom in which students work primarily alone, learning is achieved through repetition, and the subjects are strictly adhered to and are guided by a textbook. Some activities encouraged in constructivist classrooms are:

<UL><LI>*Experimentation: students individually perform an experiment and then come together as a class to discuss the results.

<LI>*Research projects: students research a topic and can present their findings to the class.

<LI>*Field trips. This allows students to put the concepts and ideas discussed in class in a real-world context. Field trips would often be followed by class discussions.

<LI>*Films. These provide visual context and thus bring another sense into the learning experience.

<LI>*Class discussions. This technique is used in all of the methods described above. It is one of the most important distinctions of constructivist teaching methods.<ref name="templeedu">[http://www.temple.edu/CETP/temple_teach/CM-struc.html Strategies for Constructivist Teaching]</ref>

Furthermore, in the constructivist classroom, students work primarily in groups and learning and knowledge are interactive and dynamic. There is a great focus and emphasis on social and communication skills, as well as collaboration and exchange of ideas ([http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub6.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning]). This is contrary to the traditional classroom in which students work primarily alone, learning is achieved through repetition, and the subjects are strictly adhered to and are guided by a textbook. Some activities encouraged in constructivist classrooms are:

<UL><LI>Experimentation: students individually perform an experiment and then come together as a class to discuss the results.

<LI>Research projects: students research a topic and can present their findings to the class.

<LI>Field trips. This allows students to put the concepts and ideas discussed in class in a real-world context. Field trips would often be followed by class discussions.

<LI>Films. These provide visual context and thus bring another sense into the learning experience.

<LI>Class discussions. This technique is used in all of the methods described above. It is one of the most important distinctions of constructivist teaching methods.

([http://www.temple.edu/CETP/temple_teach/CM-struc.html Strategies for Constructivist Teaching])

</UL>

In the constructivist classroom, the teacher’s role is to prompt and facilitate discussion. Thus, the teacher’s main focus should be on guiding students by asking questions that will lead them to develop their own conclusions on the subject.

Traditionally, assessment in the classrooms is based on testing. In this style, it is important for the student to produce the correct answers. However, in constructivist teaching, the process of gaining knowledge is viewed as being just as important as the product. Thus, assessment is based not only on tests, but also on observation of the student, the student’s work, and the student’s points of view ([http:<ref name="thirteenorg"//www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub1.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning])>. Some assessment strategies include:

<UL><LI>*Oral discussions. The teacher presents students with a “focus” question and allows an open discussion on the topic.

<LI>*KWL(H) Chart (What we '''know''', What we '''want''' to know, What we have '''learned''', '''How''' we know it). This technique can be used throughout the course of study for a particular topic, but is also a good assessment technique as it shows the teacher the progress of the student throughout the course of study.

<LI>*Mind Mapping. In this activity, students list and categorize the concepts and ideas relating to a topic.

<LI>*Hands-on activities. These encourage students to manipulate their environments or a particular learning tool. Teachers can use a checklist and observation to assess student success with the particular material.

<LI>*Pre-testing. This allows a teacher to determine what knowledge students bring to a new topic and thus will be helpful in directing the course of study.<ref name="templeedu"/>

([http://www.temple.edu/CETP/temple_teach/CM-struc.html Strategies for Constructivist Teaching])

</UL>

==Arguments against constructivist teaching==

Because constructivism in the classroom depends greatly on student motivation as well as on teacher training, it has been argued that this technique would not be successful in schools lacking resources.

Another deterrent for this teaching method is that, due to the emphasis on group work, the ideas of the more active students will dominate the group’s conclusions.<ref ([http:name="thirteenorg"//www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub5.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning]).>

As emphasis is not based on acquiring and practicing basic skills, students in constructivist classrooms tend to lag behind those in traditional classrooms in these areas. Proponents of constructivism argue that constructivist students perform better than their peers when tested on higher-order reasoning.

Critics of constructivism also argue that this teaching technique forces students to “reinvent the wheel.” Proponents argue that students-especially elementary school-aged children-are naturally curious about the world, and giving them the tools to explore it in a guided manner will serve to give them a stronger understanding of it<ref ([http:name="thirteenorg"//www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning])>.

==See also==

Line 50 ⟶ 46:

*[[progressive education]]

==References==

<references />

==References and externalExternal links==

*[http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/envrnmnt/drugfree/sa3const.htm Constructivist Teaching and Learning Models]

*[http://www.ssta.sk.ca/research/instruction/97-07.htm SSTA Research Centre Report on Constructivist Teaching and Learning]

*[http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/project/teacher/construc.html Constructivist Teaching]

*[http://www.odu.edu/educ/act/ Association for Constructivist Teaching]

*[http://www.ed.psu.edu/ci/Journals/97pap32.htm Constructivits Teaching Practices: Perceptions of Teachers and Students]

*[http://www.temple.edu/CETP/temple_teach/CM-struc.html Strategies for Constructivist Teaching]

*[http://pirate.shu.edu/~muellemf/3006/Constructivist%20Learning%20&%20Teaching.htm Constructivist Learning and Teaching]

*[http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub2.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning]