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In the 12th century this was replaced with a wooden motte and bailey castle. Beauchief Abbey was built 4 miles south-west of what was now a well established town. When the castle was destroyed in 1260 it was replaced with a stone castle, which would stand until the [[English Civil War]].
In November [[2005]], the [[University of Sheffield]]´s archaeological consultancy, ARCUS, unearthed a [[medieval]] well of over three metres in depth in the [[sandstone]] bedrock beneath Carmel House on Fargate [http://www.conferencesheffield.com/mediacentre/2005/485.html]. The Sheffield city centre site was being excavated as part of a redevelopment project.
Pottery found in the well, suggests that it was in use by 1300 AD, and had been filled in around the time of the [[English Civil War]]. Medieval pots included jugs made in the Hallgate area of neighbouring [[Doncaster]] and other items from the [[Humber Estuary]].
This discovery was said to offer significant evidence relating to the medieval town of Sheffield, still a small market town, before its growth during the subsequent Industrial Revolution. Dating of the well indicates that it was probably dug around the time of the rebuilding of [[Sheffield Castle]] in stone, in [[1270]] and the granting of Sheffield´s Market Charter by [[Edward I]] in [[1296]].
Due to the conditions in the well, animal bones, plant remains (possibly including microscopic pollen grains) have been preserved and will be analysed the University´s Department of Archaeology laboratories.
Sheffield's second parish church was built in 1280, replacing the previous 11th century structure. This was replaced in 1430 with the core of the current structure. [[Lady's Bridge]], the oldest in the city was built in 1485. The oldest domestic buildings were built at the turn of the 16th century [[Old Queen's Head]] pub (1495), [[Broom Hall]] (1498), and [[Bishops' House]] (c 1500).
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The turn of the 20th century saw a huge amount of residential building which lead to the annexing of large parts of the current city. However, this was followed by a slump and by 1917 house building had ceased altogether. Building of the [[Sheffield City Hall|city hall]] started in 1920.
The years following the [[Second World War]] saw one of the most intense periods of building in the city's history, referred to as the [[Slum Clearances]]. Slum housing was replaced with a number of large tower blocks, many of which have since been demolished and replaced with housing once more.
==Current developments==
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