Utente:Itrucid/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 18:09, 18 feb 2013

Versione delle 23:27, 19 feb 2013

Riga 1:

La '''Shari'a''' ({{lang-ar|شريعة}}, "[[wikt:legge|legge]]"; traslitterata anche come ''shariah'', ''sharīʿah'';<ref>Ritter, R.M. (editor) (2005). ''New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors&nbsp;– The Essential A-Z Guide to the Written Word''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 349.</ref> alsoanche scritta {{lang|ar|قانون إسلامي}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|qānūn ʾIslāmī}}'', ''la legge islamica'') costituisce il [[codice moraleetico]] e la [[legge religiosa]] dell'[[Islam]]. La Shari'a si occupa di molti aspetti della legge secolare, tra cuiquali i crimini, la politica e la l'[[finanza islamica|economia]], ma anche di questioni più personali e religiose come il sesso, l'igiene, la [[Ṣalāt|preghiera]], la dieta alimentare e il [[Sawm|digiuno]], la [[Ṣalāt|preghiera]]. Sebbene le interpretazioni della Shari'a varino in culture diverse, nella sua definizione più stretta è considerata l'infallibile legge di [[Allah|Dio]], in contrapposizione con la sua interpretazione (''[[fiqh]]'').

Le due [[fonte primaria|fonti primarie]] della shari'a sono i precetti contenuti nel [[Corano]] e l'esempio del profeta [[Maometto]] come riportato nella [[Sunna]]. Dove mantiene lo status di legge ufficiale, la shari'a è interpretata da giudici islamici (''[[Qadi]]''), che in alcuni casi condividono la responsabilità con i leader religiosi (''[[Imam]]''). Per questioni non direttamente trattate nelle fonti primarie, l'applicazione della shari'a è estesa dopo il consenso degli studiosi (''[[ulema]]''), pensato per raccogliere il consenso della comunità musulmana (''[[Ijma']]''). A volte viene incorporata della giurisprudenza per analogia dal Corano e dalla Sunna tramite le cosiddette [[qiyas]], sebbene i giuristi [[Sciismo|sciiti]] preferiscano il ragionamento ('''aql'') all'analogia.

La reintroduzione della Sharia è uno degli obbiettivi dei movimenti [[islamismo|islamisti]] nei paesi musulmani, ma i tentativi di imporla hanno portato a controversie,<ref>Hamann, Katie (December 29, 2009). [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/religion/Acehs-Sharia-Law-Still-Controversial-in-Indonesia-80257482.html "Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia"]. [[Voice of America]]. Retrieved September 19, 2011.</ref><ref>Iijima, Masako (January 13, 2010). [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60D07420100114 "Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh"]. [[Reuters]]. Retrieved September 18, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/08/aceh-sharia-police-loved-and-hated.html "Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated"]. ''[[The Jakarta Post]].</ref>, violenza,<ref>Staff (January 3, 2003). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2632939.stm "Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split"]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years".</ref><ref>Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).<br />{{•}}

p. 16. "When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1,000 people dead."<br />{{•}} p. 189. "When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill."</ref><ref>Mshelizza, Ibrahim (July 28, 2009). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fight-for-sharia-leaves-dozens-dead-in-nigeria-1763253.html "Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria&nbsp;– Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence"]. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved September 19, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/nigeria/religous_violence.html "Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence"]. [[PBS]].</ref><ref>Staff (December 28, 2010). [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/01/201012314018187505.html "Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria&nbsp;– A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks"]. [[Al Jazeera English]]. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.".</ref><ref>Ibrahimova, Roza (July 27, 2009). [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/07/2009727182749635965.html "Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria"] (video (requires [[Adobe Flash]]; 00:01:49)). [[Al Jazeera English]]. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches."</ref> e persino a guerre, come la [[Seconda guerra civile sudanese]].<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/sudan/63.htm]. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies|Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:]]''. "The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south ... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri".</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html |title=PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to "Islamicize" all of Sudan." |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{dead link|date=September 2011}} {{clarify|date=September 2011|reason=doubt this is a headline/title. rather it is probably a quotation (from editorial/op-ed essay?) at moment, can't research easily with dead link.}} [http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/pdf/darfur_040707.pdf "The war flared again in 1983 after then-President Jaafar Nimeri abrogated the peace accord and announced he would turn Sudan into a Muslim Arab state, where Islamic law, or sharia, would prevail, including in the southern provinces. Sharia can include amputation of limbs for theft, public flogging and stoning. The war, fought between the government and several rebel groups, continued for two decades."] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]; requires [[Adobe Acrobat|Adobe Reader]]). ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref><ref>[[Bassam Tibi|Tibi, Bassam]] (2008). ''Political Islam, World Politics and Europe''. [[Routledge]]. p. 33. "The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south."</ref> In alcuni territori palestinesi e in alcuni paesi asiatici la shari'a continua ad essere riconosciuta istituzionalmente, ed è utilizzata nei giudizi dei processi. Nei paesi occidentali dove l'immigrazione islamica è più recente, alcune minoranze musulmane hanno introdotto la shari'a a livello familiare per le dispute civili come in [[Regno Unito]] con il ''[[Muslim Arbitration Tribunal]]''.

==EtymologyEtimologia==

[[File:Countries with Sharia rule.png|thumb|400px|CountriesPaesi within shariacui la shari'a è legge]]

[[File:Countries with Sharia rule.png|thumb|400px|Countries with sharia]]

Scholars describe the word ''sharia'' as an archaic [[Arabic]] word denoting "pathway to be followed",{{#tag:Ref|Irshad Abdal-Haqq founded the ''Journal of Islamic Law'' (later renamed the ''Journal of Islamic Law & Culture''), for which he wrote extensively until January 2002, when ownership was transferred to DePaul University.<ref>"About the Author" at [http://www.amazon.com/Brotherhood-Gods-Irshad-Abdal-Haqq/dp/140330273 Brotherhood of the Gods]{{dead link|date=November 2012}} [[Paperback]] by Irshad Abdal-Haqq, Amazon.com</ref>}}<ref name=haqq>Abdal-Haqq, Irshad (2006). ''Understanding Islamic Law&nbsp;– From Classical to Contemporary'' (edited by Aminah Beverly McCloud). Chapter 1 ''Islamic Law&nbsp;– An Overview of its Origin and Elements''. [[AltaMira Press]]. p. 4.</ref> or "path to the water hole".{{#tag:Ref|{{as of|2011}},Bernard G. Weiss is a professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at the Middle East Center of the [[University of Utah]].<ref name=weiss1998 /><ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Bernard-G.-Weiss/e/B001JRX5JQ/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1 Bernard G. Weiss], Amazon.com</ref>}} The latter definition comes from the fact that the path to water is the whole way of life in an arid desert environment.<ref name=weiss1998>Weiss, Bernard G. (1998). ''The Spirit of Islamic Law''. Athens, Georgia: [[University of Georgia Press]]. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8203-1977-3.</ref>

Riga 612 ⟶ 613:

* {{en}} [http://www.newageislam.com/islamic-sharia-laws/‘gay-rights’-versus-the-‘human-rights-of-gays’-–-a-fresh-insight-into-the-broader-message-of-the-qur’an/d/8643 ‘Gay Rights’ Versus The ‘Human Rights Of Gays’ – A Fresh Insight Into The Broader Message Of The Qur’an (NewAgeIslam)]

{{Islam}}

{{Legge}}

{{Portale|Islam|Diritto}}