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== History ==
The NIST Enterprise Architecture Model is initiated in 1988 in the fifth workshop on Information Management Directions sponsored by the NIST in cooperation with the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM), the [[IEEE Computer Society]], and the Federal Data Management Users Group (FEDMUG). The results of this research project were published as the NIST Special Publication 500-167, ''Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge''.<ref name="FG89"> Elizabeth N. Fong and Alan H. Goldfine (1989) ''[http://www.itl.nist.gov/lab/specpubs/NIST%20SP%20500-167.pdf Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge]''. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 500-167, September 1989.</ref>
=== The emerging field of information management ===
With the proliferation of [[information technology]] starting in the 1970s, the job of [[information management]] had taken a new light, and also began to include the field of [[data maintenance]]. No longer was information management a simple job that could be performed by almost anyone. An understanding of the technology involved, and the theory behind it became necessary. As [[information storage]] shifted to electronic means, this became more and more difficult.
* "What information about [[database]] technology does the manager need to make prudent decisions about using new technology"<ref>First workshop in 1975. See Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 5) </ref>▼
* "What information can help a manager assess the impact on a database system?"<ref>Second workshop in 1977. See Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 5) </ref> ▼
* "[[Information management]] tools from the standpoint of: uses; policies and controls; logical and physical database design"<ref>Second workshop in 1980. See Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 5) </ref> ; and ▼
* "The nature of information [[resource management]] practice and problems."<ref>Forth workshop in 1985. See Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 5) </ref> ▼
In this emerging field the NIST had held a series of four workshops on Database and Information Management Directions since the 1970s. Each of the workshops addresses a specific theme<ref>Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 5) </ref>:
The fifth Information Management Directions workshop focused on integration and productivity in [[information management]]. Five working groups considered specific aspects of the integration of knowledge, [[data management]], systems planning, development and maintenance, computing environments, architectures and standards. Participants came from academia, industry, government and consulting firms. Among the 72 participants were [[Tom DeMarco]], [[Ahmed K. Elmagarmid]], Elizabeth N. Fong, Andrew U. Frank<ref>[http://www.geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at/staff/index.php?Current_Staff:Frank%2C_Andrew_U. Frank, Andrew U.] Research Group Geoinformation, Vienna. Accessed JUly 15, 2013.</ref>, Robert E. Fulton<ref>David Terraso (2004) "[http://www.whistle.gatech.edu/archives/04/mar/01/fultonobit.shtml Robert Fulton, 72, dies: Engineering professor and county commissioner]". at whistle.gatech.edu</ref>, Alan H. Goldfine<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goldfine:Alan_H= Alan H. Goldfine] at [[DBLP]].</ref>, Dale L. Goodhue<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodhue:Dale.html Dale Goodhue] at [[DBLP]].</ref>, [[Richard J. Mayer]], [[Shamkant Navathe]], [[T. William Olle]], W. Bradford Rigdon, Judith A. Quillard, Stanley Y. W. Su<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/s/Su:Stanley_Y=_W= Stanley Y. W. Su] at [[DBLP]].</ref>, and [[John Zachman]]. ▼
▲* "What information about [[database]] technology does the manager need to make prudent decisions about using new technology"
▲* "What information can help a manager assess the impact on a database system?"
▲* "[[Information management]] tools from the standpoint of: uses; policies and controls; logical and physical database design"
▲* "The nature of information [[resource management]] practice and problems
The fifth workshop in 1989 was held by the National Computer Systems Laboratory (NCSL) of the NIST. By then this was one of the four institutes, that performed the technical work of the NIST. The specific goal of the NCSL was to conduct research and provide scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology.<ref>Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. i)</ref>
=== The fifth Information Management Directions workshop ===
▲The fifth Information Management Directions workshop focused on integration and productivity in [[information management]]. Five working groups considered specific aspects of the integration of knowledge, [[data management]], systems planning, development and maintenance, computing environments, architectures and standards. Participants came from academia, industry, government and consulting firms. Among the 72 participants were [[Tom DeMarco]], [[Ahmed K. Elmagarmid]], Elizabeth N. Fong, Andrew U. Frank<ref>[http://www.geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at/staff/index.php?Current_Staff:Frank%2C_Andrew_U. Frank, Andrew U.] Research Group Geoinformation, Vienna. Accessed JUly 15, 2013.</ref>, Robert E. Fulton<ref>David Terraso (2004) "[http://www.whistle.gatech.edu/archives/04/mar/01/fultonobit.shtml Robert Fulton, 72, dies: Engineering professor and county commissioner]". at whistle.gatech.edu</ref>, Alan H. Goldfine<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goldfine:Alan_H= Alan H. Goldfine] at [[DBLP]].</ref>, Dale L. Goodhue<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodhue:Dale.html Dale Goodhue] at [[DBLP]].</ref>, [[Richard J. Mayer]], [[Shamkant Navathe]], [[T. William Olle]], W. Bradford Rigdon, Judith A. Quillard, Stanley Y. W. Su<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/s/Su:Stanley_Y=_W= Stanley Y. W. Su] at [[DBLP]].</ref>, and [[John Zachman]].
Tom DeMarco delivered the keynote speech, claiming that standards do more harm than good when they work against the prevailing culture, and that the essence of standardization is discovery, not innovation.<ref>Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. ix)</ref> The five working groups met to discuss different aspects of integration:
* the integration of knowledge and data management
* the integration of technical and business data management
* the integration of systems planning, development, and maintenance tools and methods
* the integration of distributed, heterogeneous computing environments, and
* architectures and standards.
In the third working group on systems planning was chaired by [[John Zachman]], and adopted the [[Zachman Framework]] as a basis for discussion.
The fifth working group on architectures and standards was chaired W. Bradford Rigdon of the McDonnell Douglas Information Systems Company (MDISC), a division of [[McDonnell Douglas]]. This working group addressed three issues<ref>Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 136)</ref>:
* The levels of architecture in an enterprise
* Problems addressed by architecture
* Benefits and risks of having architecture
To illustrate the levels of architecture, what has become known as the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model, was presented.
=== Application in the 1990s ===
In the 1990s the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model was widely promoted within the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] as Enterprise Architecture management tool.<ref name="CIOC99"/>. It is applied as foundation in multiple Enterprise Architecture frameworks of U.S. Federal government agencies and in the overall [[Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework]].<ref name="CIOC99"/>
== NIST Enterprise Architecture Model topics ==
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