Utente:Marrabbio2/Pesci: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 12:16, 13 mar 2013

Versione delle 17:54, 13 mar 2013

Riga 268:

| [[File:Myllokunmingia.png|140px]]

| ''[[Myllokunmingia]]''

| ''[[Myllokunmingia]]'' è un genere apparso circa 530 milioni di anni fa. Apparteneva ai [[Cordata|cordati]], aveva dimensioni minute (28 mm di lunghezza e 6 di altezza) ed è tra le più antiche forme di vita [[vertebrati|vertebrate]].

| ''[[Myllokunmingia]]'' is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma. It is a chordate, and it has been argued that it is a [[vertebrate]],{{r|Shu1999}} It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high, and is among the oldest possible craniates.

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| [[File:Euconodonta.gif|140px]]

Riga 279:

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! rowspan=6 style=background:#20A090 | [[Ordoviciano|<span style="color:white;">Ordoviciano</span>]]

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[OrdovicianOrdoviciano]] (485–443488–443 Mamilioni di anni fa): Fishi pesci, thela world'sprima firstforma truedi vertebratesvita vertebrata, continuedcontinuano toad evolve,evolvere: andcompaiono thosei withprimi jawspesci con mandibole ([[Gnathostomata]]). may</br>La have first appeared late in this period.vita Lifesulla hadterraferma yetnon tosi diversifyè onancora landdifferenziata.

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| [[File:Pteraspis NT.jpg|140px]]

Riga 391:

| ''[[Coccosteus]]'' ''(seed bone)'' is an extinct genus of [[arthrodire]] [[placoderm]]. The majority of fossils have been found in freshwater sediments, though they may have been able to enter saltwater. They grew up to {{convert|40|cm|in}} long. Like all other arthrodires, ''Coccosteus'' had a joint between the armour of the body and skull. In addition, it also had an internal joint between its neck [[vertebrae]] and the back of the skull, allowing for the mouth to be opened even wider. Along with the longer jaws, this allowed ''Coccosteus'' to feed on fairly large prey. As with all other arthrodires, ''Coccosteus'' had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak. The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other.{{sfn|The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|1999|p=32}}

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| [[File:Bothriolepis canadensis 2.jpg|center|120px]]<small>Citron</small>

| ''[[Bothriolepis]]''

|

| {{ external media

''[[Bothriolepis]]'' è stato il genere di [[placodermi]] più diffuso nei ritrovamenti fossili, con oltre 100 specie scoperte negli strati rocciosi del Devoniano medio in ogni continente.

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| video1 = [http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/other/videos/animal-armageddon-bothriopelis ''Bothriolepis''] – ''Animal Planet''

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''[[Bothriolepis]]'' ''(pitted scale)'' was the most successful genus of [[antiarch]] [[placoderms]], if not the most successful genus of any placoderm, with over 100 species spread across Middle to Late Devonian strata across every continent.

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| [[File:Pituriaspis doylei.jpg|center|80px]]

Riga 610 ⟶ 606:

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! rowspan=3 style="background:#3cb371" | [[Giurassico]]

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[JurassicoGiurassico]] (201–145199–145 Mamilioni di anni fa):

|-

| [[File:Leedsichthys new1DB.jpg|140px]]

Riga 638 ⟶ 634:

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! rowspan=5 style="background:#32cd32" | [[Cretacico]]

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[Cretacico]] (145–66145–65 Ma):milioni ''Seedi [[:Category:Cretaceousanni fish]].''fa)

|-

| [[File:Sturgeon2Acipenser oxyrinchus BM.jpg|140px]]

| ''[[SturgeonAcipenseridae|Storioni]]''

| TrueGli [[sturgeon]]sstorioni appearappaiono innei theritrovamenti fossilfossili recordnel duringCretacico thesuperiore Uppere, Cretaceous.da Sincequel that timemomento, sturgeonsla haveloro undergonemorfologia remarkablyha littlesubito [[morphologyben (biology)|morphological]]pochi changecambiamenti evolutivi, indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earningdando themloro informallo status asdi [[livingfossile fossilsvivente|fossili viventi]].<ref>B. G. Gardiner (1984) Sturgeons as living fossils. Pp. 148–152 in N. Eldredge and S.M. Stanley, eds. Living fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York.</ref><ref name=krieger>{{cite journal | author = Krieger J., Fuerst P.A. | year = 2002 | title = Evidence for a Slowed Rate of Molecular Evolution in the Order Acipenseriformes | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 891–897 }}</ref> This is explained in part by the long generation interval, tolerance for wide ranges of [[temperature]] and [[salinity]], lack of [[Predation|predators]] due to size, and the abundance of prey items in the [[benthic]] environment. </br>

La loro lentissima evoluzione è dovuta ad alcuni fattori fondamentali: un lungo intervallo generazionale, un'ampia tolleranza alle diverse temperature e salinità delle acque, la mancanza di predatori a causa delle loro grosse dimensioni e l'abbondanza di prede nel loro ambiente.

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| [[File:Enchodus2.jpg|140px]]

Riga 650 ⟶ 647:

| [[File:Xiphactinus audax fossil.jpg|140px]]

| ''[[Xiphactinus]]''

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| {{ external media

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| video1 = [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jla2g1iM8tE ''Xiphactinus''] – ''YouTube''}}

"One Cretaceous fish, ''[[Xiphactinus]]'', grew to more than 4.5 metres (15 feet) and is the largest known [[teleost]]."<ref>Rafferty, John P (2010) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=kFd-1DApcRYC&pg=PA219&dq=%22Cretaceous+fish%22+OR+%22Cretaceous+fishes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HkrtUNPWHonKlAWshYGQBQ&ved=0CKEBEOgBMBM#v=onepage&q=%22Cretaceous%20fish%22%20OR%20%22Cretaceous%20fishes%22&f=false ''The Mesozoic Era: Age of Dinosaurs''] Page 219, Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9781615301935.</ref>

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Riga 666 ⟶ 659:

| ''[[Amphistium]]'' is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish which has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil.<ref name="NaEvo">{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/07/080709-evolution-fish.html | title=Odd Fish Find Contradicts Intelligent-Design Argument | publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |date= July 9, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-07-17}}</ref> In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head. In ''Amphistium'', the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Matt Friedman|title=The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry|journal=Nature|volume=454|number=7201|date=2008-07-10|pages=209–212|doi= 10.1038/nature07108|pmid=18615083|issue=7201}}</ref>

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| [[File:VMNHMegalodon megalodonNT.jpg|140px]]

| ''[[Megalodon]]''

|

| {{ external media

''[[MegalodonCarcharodon megalodon]]'' isè anuna extinctspecie speciesestinta ofdi shark[[squalo]] thatche livedvisse abouttra i 28 toe 1.,5&nbsp;Ma. Itmilioni lookeddi muchanni likefa. aFisicamente stockysimile versional ofSembrava themolto simile al [[greatgrande whitesqualo sharkbianco]], butera wastuttavia muchdecisamente largerpiù withgrande, fossilcon lengthsuna reachinglunghezza stimata su ritrovamenti fossili che raggiunge i {{convert|20.,3|m|ft}}. metri <ref name="GWB" /> Found in all oceans<ref name="AN">{{Cite journal|last=Pimiento|first=Catalina|coauthors=Dana J. Ehret, Bruce J. MacFadden, and Gordon Hubbell|title=Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10552|publisher=PLoS.org|___location=Panama|date=May 10, 2010|pmid=20479893|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010552|pmc=2866656|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010552|accessdate=12 May 2010|editor1-last=Stepanova|editor1-first=Anna|bibcode = 2010PLoSO...510552P }}, anche se si ipotizza che superasse queste dimensioni </ref> it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history,<ref name="GWB">{{cite journal|last=Wroe|first=S.|coauthors= Huber, D. R. ; Lowry, M. ; McHenry, C. ; Moreno, K. ; Clausen, P. ; Ferrara, T. L. ; Cunningham, E. ; Dean, M. N. ; Summers, A. P.|title=Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?|url=http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Wroe2008GreatWhiteSharkBiteForce.pdf|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=276|issue=4|pages=336–342|year= 2008|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x}}</ref>, andIl probably''Megalodon'' hadviveva ain profoundtutti impactgli onoceani [[marineed life]].era uno dei più grandi e potenti predatori nella storia dei vertebrati che ha avuto un profondo impatto sulla vita marina<ref name="LV">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature09067|last=Lambert|first=Olivier|coauthors=Giovanni Bianucci, Klaas Post, Christian de Muizon, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, Mario Urbina and Jelle Reumer|title=The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene epoch of Peru|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7302|pages=105–108|___location=Peru|date=1 July 2010|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7302/full/nature09067.html|pmid=20596020|bibcode = 2010Natur.466..105L }}</ref>

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| video1 = [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9LAWve5Xq4 Megalodon battle] ''History Channel''

| video2 = [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Spo8vkrJFRo The Nightmarish Megalodon] ''Discovery''}}

[[Megalodon]] is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5&nbsp;Ma. It looked much like a stocky version of the [[great white shark]], but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching {{convert|20.3|m|ft}}.<ref name="GWB" /> Found in all oceans<ref name="AN">{{Cite journal|last=Pimiento|first=Catalina|coauthors=Dana J. Ehret, Bruce J. MacFadden, and Gordon Hubbell|title=Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10552|publisher=PLoS.org|___location=Panama|date=May 10, 2010|pmid=20479893|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010552|pmc=2866656|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010552|accessdate=12 May 2010|editor1-last=Stepanova|editor1-first=Anna|bibcode = 2010PLoSO...510552P }}</ref> it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history,<ref name="GWB">{{cite journal|last=Wroe|first=S.|coauthors= Huber, D. R. ; Lowry, M. ; McHenry, C. ; Moreno, K. ; Clausen, P. ; Ferrara, T. L. ; Cunningham, E. ; Dean, M. N. ; Summers, A. P.|title=Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?|url=http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Wroe2008GreatWhiteSharkBiteForce.pdf|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=276|issue=4|pages=336–342|year= 2008|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x}}</ref> and probably had a profound impact on [[marine life]].<ref name="LV">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature09067|last=Lambert|first=Olivier|coauthors=Giovanni Bianucci, Klaas Post, Christian de Muizon, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, Mario Urbina and Jelle Reumer|title=The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene epoch of Peru|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7302|pages=105–108|___location=Peru|date=1 July 2010|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7302/full/nature09067.html|pmid=20596020|bibcode = 2010Natur.466..105L }}</ref>

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