Utente:Marrabbio2/Pesci: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 17:54, 13 mar 2013

Versione delle 18:16, 13 mar 2013

Riga 549:

===Post-Devoniano===

L'[[Mesozoico|Era Mesozoica]] inizia circa 250 milioni di anni fa sulla scia dell'[[Estinzione di massa del Permiano-Triassico]], la più grande [[estinzione]] della storia della [[Terra]], e finisce circa 65 milioni di anni fa, con l'[[Estinzione di massa del Cretaceo-Paleocene]], un'altra estinzione massiva che uccise i [[dinosauri]] e moltre specie di piante e animali. É spesso definita come l'''età dei rettili'', perché i rettili sono stati i vertebrati dominanti in questa era. Durante il Mesozoico inoltre il maxicontinente [[Pangea]] si divide gradualmente in continenti più piccoli. Il clima alterna periodi molto caldi a periodi più freddi, ma nel complesso la Terra era più calda di quanto non lo sia oggi.

* The [[Mesozoic Era]] began about 250 million years ago in the wake of the [[Permian-Triassic event]], the largest [[mass extinction]] in Earth's history, and ended about 65 million years ago with the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], another mass extinction which killed off non-avian [[dinosaur]]s, as well as other plant and animal species. It is often referred to as the ''Age of Reptiles'' because reptiles were the dominant vertebrates of the time. The Mesozoic witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent [[Pangaea]] into separate landmasses. The climate alternated between warming and cooling periods; overall the Earth was hotter than it is today.

{| class="wikitable"

Riga 572 ⟶ 571:

| [[File:Falcatus.jpg|140px]]

| ''[[Falcatus]]''

| ''[[Falcatus]]'' isè aun genusgenere ofdi smallpiccoli cladodont-toothedcladodonti sharksdai whichdenti livedappuntiti 335–318e Masqualiformi, che vissero da 335 a 318 milioni di anni fa. TheyDi piccole dimensioni, wereraggiungevano abouti 25-30 cm (10-12di inches) longlunghezza. <ref>Pesci fossili [http://www.sju.edu/research/bear_gulch/pages_fish_species/Falcatus_falcatus.php Fossil Fish ofdi Bear Gulch 2005 byda Richard Lund ande Eileen Grogan] Accessed 2009-01-14</ref> TheySono caratterizzati dalla areparticolare characterisedforma bydella thepinna prominentdorsale, finche spinespresenta thati curvedraggi anteriorlyincurvati oververso theirla headstesta.

|-

| [[File:Orodus sp1DB.jpg|140px]]

| ''[[Orodus]]''

| ''[[Orodus]]'' isè anotherun sharkaltro ofgenere thedi Carboniferous,[[squalo]] adel genusCarbonifero, fromappartenenti thealla familyfamiglia [[Orodontidae]], thatvissuto lived into the early Permian fromda 303 toa 295 Ma.milioni Itdi grewanni tofa. 2Raggiungeva muna (7lunghezza ft)di in2 lengthmetri.

|-

! rowspan=3 style=background:#ED4C35 | [[Permiano]]

Riga 636 ⟶ 635:

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ddf8f8;"| [[Cretacico]] (145–65 milioni di anni fa)

|-

| [[File:Acipenser oxyrinchusruthenus BMPrague Vltava 1.jpg|140px]]

| ''[[Acipenseridae|Storioni]]''

| Gli storioni appaiono nei ritrovamenti fossili nel Cretacico superiore e, da quel momento, la loro morfologia ha subito ben pochi cambiamenti evolutivi, dando loro lo status di [[fossile vivente|fossili viventi]]<ref>B. G. Gardiner (1984) Sturgeons as living fossils. Pp. 148–152 in N. Eldredge and S.M. Stanley, eds. Living fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York.</ref><ref name=krieger>{{cite journal | author = Krieger J., Fuerst P.A. | year = 2002 | title = Evidence for a Slowed Rate of Molecular Evolution in the Order Acipenseriformes | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 891–897 }}</ref>. </br>

Riga 648 ⟶ 647:

| ''[[Xiphactinus]]''

|

"OneIl Cretaceouspiù fish,grande dei ''[[Xiphactinusteleostei]]'' conosciuti, grewquesto topesce moredel thanCretacico 4.5raggiungeva metresuna (15lunghezza feet)di and4,5 ismetri the largest known [[teleost]]."<ref>Rafferty, John P (2010) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=kFd-1DApcRYC&pg=PA219&dq=%22Cretaceous+fish%22+OR+%22Cretaceous+fishes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HkrtUNPWHonKlAWshYGQBQ&ved=0CKEBEOgBMBM#v=onepage&q=%22Cretaceous%20fish%22%20OR%20%22Cretaceous%20fishes%22&f=false ''The Mesozoic Era: Age of Dinosaurs''] Pagepag. 219, Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9781615301935.</ref>.

|-

| colspan="3" style="line-height:16px; background:#dddddd;"| <small>The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] (K-Pg extinction). There are substantial fossil records of [[Gnathostomata|jawed]] [[fish]]es across the K–T boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. Within [[Chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fish]], approximately 80% of the [[shark]]s, [[Rajiformes|rays]], and [[skate]]s families survived the extinction event,<ref name="MacLeod">{{cite journal|author=MacLeod, N, Rawson, PF, Forey, PL, Banner, FT, Boudagher-Fadel, MK, Bown, PR, Burnett, JA, Chambers, P, Culver, S, Evans, SE, Jeffery, C, Kaminski, MA, Lord, AR, Milner, AC, Milner, AR, Morris, N, Owen, E, Rosen, BR, Smith, AB, Taylor, PD, Urquhart, E & Young, JR|title=The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition|year=1997|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=154|issue=2|pages=265–292|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_199703/ai_n8738406/print|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265}}</ref> and more than 90% of [[teleostei|teleost fish]] (bony fish) families survived.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patterson|first=C |year=1993 |title=Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: The Fossil Record 2 (Benton, MJ, editor) |publisher=Springer |pages=621–656 |isbn=0-412-39380-8}}</ref> There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–T boundary layer on [[Seymour Island]] near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Discovery of fish mortality horizon at the K–T boundary on Seymour Island: Re-evaluation of events at the end of the Cretaceous |author=Zinsmeister WJ |date=1 May 1998|url=http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/3/556?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=zinsmeister&andorexacttitle=and&field_name=fulltext&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&fdate=7/1/1927&tdate=7/31/2007&resourcetype=HWCIT |accessdate=2007-08-27 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=556–571 }}</ref> However, the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event.<ref name="Robertson">{{cite journal |title= Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic |author=Robertson DS, McKenna MC, Toon OB, Hope S, Lillegraven JA |journal=GSA Bulletin |year=2004 |volume=116 |issue=5–6 |pages=760–768 |doi=10.1130/B25402.1 |url=http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~presto/cenozoic.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref>