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== Graham Seagroves's 6th grade science project ==

Does temperature affect Acid-Base Reactions?

My project is about varying temperatures of the acid (vinegar) in chemical reactions. I like this project because I like just about just about anything that blows up. I think it will help the world by teaching chemists what not to mix at hot and cold temperatures. For example; a 15 year old who is home alone mixes 5 gallons boiling battery acid and 5 pounds of heated lye. A big boom rocks the house and shatters all the windows. His “lab” is in ruins and the 15 year old is crying, he should have read my report!

Research Paper

For thousands of years people have known that vinegar, lemon juice and many other foods taste sour. However, it was not until a few hundred years ago that it was discovered why these things taste sour; because they are all acids. The term acid, in fact, comes from the Latin term acere.

, which means sour. While there are many slightly different definitions of acids and bases, in this lesson we will introduce the fundamentals of acid/base chemistry.

In the seventeenth century, the English writer and amateur chemist Robert Boyle first labeled substances as either acids or bases (he called bases alkalies) according to the following characteristics:

• Acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.

• Bases feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.

While Boyle and others tried to explain why acids and bases behave the way they do, the first reasonable definition of acids and bases would not be suggested until 200 years later.

In the late 1800's, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius proposed that water can dissolve many compounds by separating them into their individual ions. Arrhenius suggested that acids are compounds that contain hydrogen and can dissolve in water to release hydrogen ions into solutions.

Now that you know the history, let’s get to the hard, cold data. Bases have a pH higher than 7. Bases are slippery and bitter and have the ability to turn litmus blue. It also yields hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water. Bases always conduct an electric current. They can also act as a proton accepter and can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. Bases have these following proprieties

a. Bases release a hydroxide ion into water solution

b. Bases neutralize acids in a neutralization reaction

c. Bases denature protein

d. Bases taste bitter

e. Bases conduct an electric current

Acids are sour and have a pH of less than seven on the pH scale. Acids have the ability to turn litmus blue. It also yields hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water. Acids always conduct an electric current. They can also act as a proton accepter and can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. Acids have the following proprieties:

a. All acids taste sour.

b. Acids make a blue vegetable dye called "litmus" turn red.

c. Acids destroy the chemical properties of bases

d. Acids conduct an electric current.

e. Upon chemically reacting with an active metal, acids will evolve hydrogen gas (H 2)

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Years ago, a mathematician named Boltzmann figured out that the kinetic energy of a system such as this was distributed in a predictable way. Even though the individual objects continually exchanged kinetic energy with each other, there was a predictable result to how the kinetic energy was distributed.

He discovered that the varying values for kinetic energy occurred with predicable frequency. The distribution of the kinetic energy values based on his work is now known as the Boltzmann Distribution. When graphed, it produces a classic curve. This curve is in the form of a bell-shaped distribution. Here are some more definitions for kinetic energy

a. Kinetic energy is an expression of the fact that a moving object can do work on anything it hits; it quantifies the amount of work the object could do as a result of its motion. The total mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy.

b. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses because of its motion.

c. Kinetic Energy is equal to ½ mv2 o (m=mass and v=velocity/2 squared, or Half of mass and velocity squared.

. An element is a substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus. Elements cannot be reduced to simpler substances by normal chemical means. At first people thought fire, water, air, and earth were the only elements, we now know better, here are more elements

• Chemical element, the class of atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus

• Electrical element, any device with terminals at which it may be connected directly with other devices. It can also mean an antenna furnace (either parasitic or active). In circuitry, it can be used to specify a portion of an integrated circuit that contributes directly to the IC's operation

• Picture element, better known as a pixel on a display device

Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function of a system, equivalent to the sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure exerted on it by its surroundings. It is also called heat content. (Thermodynamic means a characteristic of or resulting from the conversion of heat into other forms of energy: in other words, it is a change in energy)

The Octet rule is, in chemistry, the statement that when atoms combine to form molecules they generally each lose, gain, or share leaving electrons until they attain or share eight; also called Lewis rule of eight.

Hypothesis

My hypothesis is that the greatest amount of gases will be released if a hot acid and a cold base are mixed or vise-versa. The least amount of gases will be released at cold temperatures for the acids and the bases.

Email me at [e-mail] if you want the rest of the paper