Birkat Hamazon: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 02:27, 24 mag 2013

Versione delle 14:48, 29 mag 2013

Riga 8:

== Origine ==

L'abitudine ebraica a benedire e ringraziare Dio per il cibo ricevuto risale al [[Patriarchi ebrei|Patriarca]] [[ebreo]] [[Avraham]]: fatti quattro accessi alla sua tenda per l'ospitalità e diffondere il culto e la fede in Dio, dopo aver consumato con i suoi ospiti pietanze da tutti apprezzate, li invitava a benedirLo infatti, qualora essi avessero rifiutato, diceva loro che avrebbe desiderato 10 monete d'oro per il pane, dieci per il vino e dieci per altro cosicché al loro stupore per il prezzo eccessivo egli rispondeva dicendo che quel prezzo corrispondeva a quelle delizie difficilmente reperibili nel deserto, quindi poi essi accettavano Dio e Lo ringraziavano<ref>''Il Midrash racconta. Libro Bereshit. Parte I'' edito da [[Mamash]]</ref>.

Riga 24 ⟶ 23:

Esistono parecchi testi della ''birkat hamazon''. Il più noto è quello [[ashkenazi]]ta. Ci sono anche quelli [[sefarditi]], [[yemen]]iti e [[Ebraismo in Italia|italiani]]. Tutti i testi seguono la succitata struttura ma le parole variano. In particolare la versione italiana mantiene l'antica tradizione di iniziare il paragrafo inserito per lo [[Shabbat]] con ''Nachamenu''. Esiste poi una versione attribuita all'[[Arizal]].

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===Preliminary psalms===

[[Psalms|Psalm]] 126, ''Shir Hama'alot'' (Song of Ascents), which expresses the Jewish hope of return to [[Land of Israel|Zion]] following their final redemption, is widely recited by [[Ashkenazi]] Jews before ''birkat hamazon'' on [[Shabbat]], [[Jewish holiday]]s and other days on which the penitential [[Tachanun]] prayer is not recited. This is frequently followed by reciting four further lines of four other Psalms, (145:21; 115:18; 118:1; 106:2), known as ''Tehillat Hashem'' (Praise of God). Less common is the recitation on weekdays of Psalm 137, ''Al Naharot Bavel'' (By the rivers of [[Babylon]]), which describes the reactions of the [[Jewish diaspora|Jews in exile]] as would have been expressed during the [[Babylonian captivity]] (See Mishna Berura quoting the Shelah). [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] precede Birkat HaMazon with [[Ein Keloheinu]] on Shabbat and holidays.

===HolidaysSalmi preliminari===

{{passo biblico2|Salmi|126}}, ''Shir Hama'alot'' (Canto delle ascensioni), che esprime la speranza ebraica di ritorno a [[Terra d'Israele|Sion]] dopo la redenzione finale, è ampiamente recitato dagli ebrei [[aschenaziti]] prima di ''birkat hamazon'' durante [[Shabbat]], le [[festività ebraiche]] e altri giorni quando la preghiera penitenziale [[Tachanun]] non è recitata. Ciò è spesso seguito dalla recitazione di quattro altre righe di quattro altri [[Salmi]], ({{passo biblico|Salmi|145:21,115:18,118:1,106:2}}), noti come ''Tehillat Hashem'' (Lode di Dio). Meno comune è la recitazione durante la settimana del {{passo biblico2|Salmi|137}}, ''Al Naharot Babilonia'' (Sui fiumi di [[Babilonia]]), che descrive le reazioni degli [[diaspora ebraica|ebrei in esilio]] come sarebbero stati espressi durante la [[Esilio babilonese|cattività babilonese]] (cfr. [[Mishnah Berurah]] che cita la ''Shelah''). Gli [[ebrei]] [[Spagna|spagnoli]] e [[Portogallo|portoghesi]] precedono Birkat HaMazon con [[Ein Keloheinu]] durante lo Shabbat e le feste.

Additional sections are added on special occasions. On [[Jewish holiday]]s, the ''ya'aleh ve-Yavo'' paragraph is added and on [[Shabbat]] the ''retzei'' paragraph is recited. On [[Hanukkah]] and [[Purim]] ''al ha-Nissim'' is added. Some [[Religious Zionist]] communities also add versions of "al Ha-Nissim" on [[Yom HaAtzmaut]] and [[Yom Yerushalayim]].

===Festività===

Ulteriori sezioni vengono aggiunte in occasioni speciali. Durante le [[festività ebraiche]], il paragrafo ''ya'aleh ve-Yavo'' è aggiunto e nello [[Shabbat]] il paragrafo ''retzei'' viene recitato. Durante [[Hanukkah]] e [[Purim]] si aggiunge ''al ha-Nissim''. Alcune comunit [[sionismo|sioniste religiose]] aggiungono anche certe versioni di "al Ha-Nissim" durante [[Yom HaAtzmaut]] e Yom Yerushalayim (Festa di [[Gerusalemme]]).

===Sheva Brachot===

WhenQuando ''birkat hamazon'' takesha placeluogo atdurante thela ''[[Sheva Brachot]]'' (sevensette blessingsbenedizioni) following a traditionalseguito [[Jewishdi viewun oftradizionale marriage|Jewish[[matrimonio marriageebraico]], speciallinee openingdi linesapertura reflectingspeciali theche joyriflettono ofla thegioia occasiondi arequesta addedoccasione tosono theaggiunte allo ''zimmun'' (invitationinvito toalla gracegrazia) beginningche withinizia con ''DevaiDévai Haser''. AtA theconclusione conclusion ofdi ''birkat hamazon'', a furtheraltre sevensette specialbenedizioni blessingsspeciali arevengono recitedrecitate.

===Brit milah===

AtAl ''birkat hamazon'' concludingche theconclude [[il pasto di celebrazione (''Seudat mitzvah|celebratory'') meal]]di of auna ''[[brit milah]]'' (ritual[[circoncisione circumcisionrituale]]), additionalsi introductoryaggiungono linesaltri passi introduttivi, knownnoti ascome ''Nodeh Leshimcha'', areall'inizio addede atpreghiere the beginning and specialspeciali ''ha-Rachaman'' prayers arevengono insertedinserite.

==Zimmun==

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According to [[Halakha]] when a minimum of three men eat bread as part of a [[meal]] together they are obligated to form a ''mezuman'' (a "prepared gathering") with the addition of a few extra opening words whereby one man "invites" the others to join him in ''birkat hamazon''. (This invitation is called a ''zimmun''). When those present at the meal form a [[minyan]] (a quorum of ten adult Jewish men) there are further additions to the invitation. A Zimmun of 10 is called a ''Zimmun B'Shem''.

Although the [[Talmud]] states that women are obligated to say ''birkat hamazon'' and that accordingly, three women can constitute a ''zimmun'' and lead it (''Berachot'' 45b), later authorities, such as Maimonides and the ''Mishnah Berurah'', held that women were exempt from leading a ''zimmun'' on grounds that women were not generally sufficiently educated to know how. A number of [[Modern Orthodox]] authorities <ref>[http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/tfila/frimer2-1.htm Frimer, "Women and Minyan"]</ref> have held that because of improvements in women's religious education women can now do so, and some say that they are now obligated to. Accordingly, women forming a ''zimmun'' and leading ''birkat hamazon'' has become increasingly common in Modern Orthodox circles. Such authorities disagree, however, on the appropriateness of women leading a ''zimmun'' in the presence of men (or of three men). A minority of Modern Orthodox authorities, citing earlier authorities including Meiri, Sefer HaMeorot and the Shiltei HaGibborim, also hold that 10 women can (or should) constitute a ''minyan'' for purposes of saying ''Zimmun B'Shem'' for ''birkat hamazon''. Unlike in Conservative or Reform Judaism, even Orthodox authorities who hold that women can form a ''zimmun'' maintain that one cannot be formed from a combination of men and women.

===LargeGrandi gatheringsraduni===

According to the one opinion in the [[Talmud]] ([[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berakhot]] 49b), there are special versions of the ''zimmun'' if ''birkat hamazon'' is said by at least one hundred, one thousand or ten thousand seated at one meal. When one hundred are present, the leader says "Blessed is HaShem our God, of Whose we have eaten and of Whose goodness we have lived", and the group responds "Blessed is HaShem our God, of Whose we have eaten, and of Whose goodness we have lived." When one thousand are present, the leader of the Zimmun says "Let us bless HaShem our God, the God of Israel, of Whose we have eaten, and of Whose goodness we have lived", and the crowd responds, "Blessed is HaShem our God, the God of Israel, of Whose we have eaten, and of Whose goodness we have lived." When at least ten thousand are present, the leader of the ''zimmun'' says "Let us bless Hashem our God, the God of Israel, who [[Shekhinah|dwells]] among the [[cherubim]], of Whose we have eaten, and of Whose goodness we have lived," and the multitude responds, "Blessed is Hashem our God, the God of Israel, who dwells among the cherubim, of Whose we have eaten, and of Whose goodness we have lived."

None of these variations is ever used in practice: the codes lay down that the only variation is the addition of ''eloheinu'' (our God) when the number reaches or exceeds ten.

===CupCoppa ofdella BlessingBenedizione===

It is customary for the person leading the ''zimmun'' to recite the blessings over a cup of wine called the ''kos shel beracha'' (cup of blessing). Although sometimes done at ordinary meals, it is more commonly done on [[Shabbat]] and [[Jewish Holidays]], and almost universally done at meals celebrating special events. At a [[Passover Seder]], the cup of blessing is drunk by everyone present, and functions as the "Third Cup". The practice of a cup of blessing is mentioned in the [[Talmud]].<ref>see [[Pesachim]] 119a.</ref>

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There is a practice in many Orthodox communities to wash the hands before reciting ''birkat hamazon''. This practice is called ''mayim acharonim'' (final waters). It is held that this, though a ''chovah'' (duty),<ref>Shulchan Aruch ''Orach Chaim'' 191:1</ref> is not a ''mitzvah'' (a commandment), as the practice was instituted for health reasons (specifically, to avoid the danger of touching the eyes with harmful salts). A special ritual dispenser can be used to dispense the water<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hadadbros.com/shop/category/tableware/mayim-achronim-set/ |title=Mayim Achronim Set |author=Hadad Brothers |date= |work= |publisher=Hadad Brothers |accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref>, but does not need to be. Although the practice is based on a ruling recorded in the Talmud, whether or not this ruling is still binding is a matter of dispute among various Orthodox communities, given that the practice of eating with knives and forks seems to remove the practical reason for it. Some practice it as a binding [[Halakha|halachah]], others as an optional custom, and others do not practice it at all. Among those who do practice ''mayim acharonim'', the majority simply pour a small amount of water over their finger tips (note that according to the Mishna Berurah, this does not fulfill the terms of the obligation ''at all'' but according to the ''[[Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]]''(43:1) one "need not wash the entire hand. It is sufficient to wash until the second joint of the fingers", while a minority, usually [[Yemenite Jews]] or related groups, will wash up to the wrist.<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], Hilkhoth Berakhoth 6:5.</ref> One should not pause between the washing and saying ''birkat hamazon''.

==TraditionsTradizioni==

The [[Talmud]] relates that at the time of the [[Resurrection#Judaism|Resurrection of the Dead]], a [[Seudat Chiyat HaMatim|special feast]] will take place. [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], [[Jacob]], [[Moses]] and [[Joshua]] will all claim unworthiness to lead the grace and the Cup of Blessing will pass to [[King David]], who will accept the honour.<ref>[[Pesachim]] 119b.</ref>

==Forma abbreviata==

==Abbreviated form==

An abbreviated form is sometime used when time is lacking. It contains the four essential blessings in a somewhat shortened form, with fewer preliminaries and additions. In liberal branches of Judaism, there is no standard text to be recited and customs vary accordingly. Many [[Sephardi Jews]], especially [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] often sing a hymn in Spanish (not [[Ladino]] as is commonly assumed), called ''[[Bendigamos]]'', before or after ''birkat hamazon''. An additional abbreviated form of ''birkat hamazon'' in Ladino, called ''[[Ya Comimos]]'', may also be said.

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==Note==

<references/>

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*[[Preghiera ebraica]]

*[[Siddur]]

*[[Zimmun]]

Altro:

*[[Casherut]]

*[[Shechitah]]

==Collegamenti esterni==

Riga 85 ⟶ 84:

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