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=== Notch ===
Notch signaling is required for differentiation of CNCCs to vascular smooth muscle cells.<ref name=Niessen2008>{{cite journal|last=Niessen|first=Kyle|coauthors=Aly Karsan|title=Notch Signaling in Cardiac Development|journal=Circulation Research|year=2008|volume=102|pages=1169–1181|doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.174318|pmid=18497317}}</ref> Furthermore, Notch is required for the proliferation of cardiomyocytes.<ref name=Niessen2008 /> In mice, disruption of Notch signaling results in the neural crest in aortic arch branching defects and pulmonary stenosis, as well as a defect in the development of the smooth muscle cells of the sixth aortic arch artery, which is the precursor to the pulmonary artery.<ref name=Niessen2008 /> In humans, mutations in Notch most often result in bicuspid aortic valve disease and calcification of the aortic valve.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garg|first=V|coauthors=Muth AN, Ransom JF, Schluterman MK, Barnes R, King IN, Grossfeld PD, Srivastava D|title=Mutations in NOTCH1 cause aortic valve disease|journal=Nature|date=September 2005|volume=437|issue=7056|pages=270–274|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7056/full/nature03940.html|accessdate=20 November 2012|doi=10.1038/nature03940}}</ref>
=== Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) ===
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