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==Biological Basis==
As [[artificial neural network]] research progresses, it is appropriate that artificial neural networks continue to draw on their biological inspiration and emulate the segmentation and modularization found in the brain. The brain, for example, divides the complex task of visual perception into many subtasks.<ref>(Happel, 1994)</ref> Within a part of the [[brain]], called the [[thalamus]], lies the [[lateral geniculate nucleus]] (LGN) which is divided into different layers that separately process color and contrast: both major components of [[Visual perception|vision]].<ref>(Hubel, 1990)</ref> After the LGN processes each component in parallel, it passes the result to another region to compile the results.
Certainly some tasks that the brain handles, like vision, have a hierarchy of sub-networks. However, it is not clear whether there is some intermediary which ties these separate processes together on a grander scale. Rather, as the tasks grow more abstract, the isolation and compartmentalization breaks down between the modules and they begin to communicate back and forth. At this point, the modular neural network analogy is either incomplete or inadequate.
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*Hubel, DH and Livingstone, MS. Color and contrast sensitivity in the lateral geniculate body and primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Journal of Neuroscience. 10: 2223-2237; 1990 http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/7/2223
Engineers Solve a Biological Mystery and Boost Artificial Intelligence .http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.2743
[[Category:Computational neuroscience]]
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