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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be withheld in some circumstances. One is if the patient has a [[do not resuscitate]] order,{{sfn|Braddock|1998|loc=When can CPR be withheld?}} such as in a [[Advance health care directive|living will]].{{sfn|Braddock|1998|loc=What if the patient is unable to say what his/her wishes are?}} Another is if the patient, family member, individual with [[power of attorney]] privileges over the patient, or other surrogate decision maker for the patient, makes such a request of the medical staff.{{sfn|College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario|2006}} Surrogate decision makers are considered in a hierarchy: legal guardians with health care authority, individual with power of attorney for health decisions, spouse, adult children, parents, and adult siblings.{{sfn|Braddock|1998|loc=What if the patient is unable to say what his/her wishes are?}}
A third situation is one in which the medical staff deems that CPR will be of no clinical benefit to the patient.{{sfn|College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario|2006}} This includes a patient in [[septic shock]], one who has had an acute [[stroke]] or who has [[metastatic cancer]], and one with severe [[pneumonia]], which all have no probability of success.{{sfn|Braddock|1998|loc=When is CPR not of benefit?}} There is also a low probability of success for patients with [[hypotension]], [[renal failure]],
A patient may request, in an advanced directive, to prohibit certain responses, including [[intubation]], chest compression, electrical [[defibrillation]], or [[Advanced cardiac life support|ACLS]].{{sfn|Dosha|Dhoblea|Evonicha|Guptaa|2009}} This is referred to as a ''partial code'' or ''partial resuscitation'' and "such resuscitation commonly violates the ethical obligation of nonmalfeasance".{{sfn|Berger|2003|p=2271}} It is regarded as medically unsound because partial interventions "are often highly traumatic and consistently inefficacious".{{sfn|ANA Center for Ethics and Human Rights|2012|p=6}}
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