Utente:Marrabbio2/Progetto Forme di Vita: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 20:45, 13 nov 2012

Versione delle 19:03, 23 lug 2013

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{| class="wikitable"

[[File:Anilocra gigantea on Pristipomoides filamentosus.tif|thumb|right|250px|L'[[Isopode]]''[[Anilocra gigantea]]'' mentre parassita un esemplare di ''[[Pristipomoides filamentosus]]'']]

|-

! colspan="2"|[[Common goldfish]]

I [[parassita|parassiti]] colpiscono i [[pesci]] così come tutte le altre classi animali.

! colspan="2"|[[Black Moor]]

! colspan="2"|[[Bubble Eye]]

I parassiti più numerosi sono i [[protozoi]], ma decine sono le specie di [[vermi]] ([[Nematoda|Nematodi]], [[Platyhelminthes|Platelminti]], [[Anellida|Anellidi e [[Trematoda|Trematodi]]), [[Dinoflagellata|Dinoflagellati]], alcune specie di [[celenterati]] ([[Myxozoa]]), [[crostacei]] [[Isopoda|isopodi]] e [[funghi]] (''[[Glugea]]'', fungo [[Microsporidia]])

|-

| <small>'''Common goldfish''' differ only in color from their closest relative, the [[Prussian carp]]. Common goldfish come in a variety of colors including red, orange/gold, white, black and yellow or 'lemon' goldfish.</small>

[[Parasite]]s in fish are a natural occurrence and common. Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In [[fishery|fisheries biology]], for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts. Understanding these aspects of parasite ecology, of interest in their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts.

| [[File:Common goldfish.JPG|120x120px]]

| <small>The '''Black moor''' is a [[telescope eye|telescope-eyed]] variety of fancy goldfish that has a characteristic pair of protruding eyes. It is also referred to as popeye, telescope, kuro demekin in [[Japan]] and dragon-eye in [[China]].</small>

Usually parasites (and pathogens) need to avoid killing their hosts, since extinct hosts can mean extinct parasites. Evolutionary constraints may operate so parasites avoid killing their hosts, or the natural variability in host defensive strategies may suffice to keep host populations viable.<ref name="Moyle615"/> Parasite infections can impair the [[courtship dance]] of male [[threespine stickleback]]s. When that happens, the females reject them, suggesting a strong mechanism for the selection of parasite resistance."<ref>Bronseth T and Folstad I (1997) [http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=75&year=1997&issue=4&msno=z97-073 "The effects of parasites on courtship dance in threespine sticklebacks: More than meets the eye?"] ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', '''75''':589–594.</ref>

| [[File:Carassius auratus Black Moor-edit1.jpg|120px]]

| <small>The small, fancy '''Bubble Eye''' has upward pointing eyes accompanied by two large fluid-filled sacs.</small>

However not all parasites want to keep their hosts alive, and there are parasites with multistage life cycles who go to some trouble to kill their host. For example, some tapeworms make some fish behave in such a way that a predatory bird can catch it. The predatory bird is the next host for the parasite in the next stage of its life cycle.<ref>Milinski, Manfred M (1985) [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/beh/1985/00000093/F0040001/art00022 "Risk of Predation of Parasitized Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.) Under Competition for Food "] ''Behaviour'', '''93''' (14): 203-216.</ref> Specifically, the tapeworm ''[[Schistocephalus solidus]]'' turns infected threespine stickleback white, and then makes them more buoyant so that they splash along at the surface of the water, becoming easy to see and easy to catch for a passing bird.<ref>LoBue, C. P. and M. A. Bell. 1993. [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/285568 "Phenotypic manipulation by the cestode parasite ''Schistocephalus solidus'' of its intermediate host, ''Gasterosteus aculeatus'', the threespine stickleback"] ''American Naturalist'' '''142''':725–735.</ref>

| [[File:Bubble Eye goldfish.jpg|120px]]

|-

Other parasitic disorders, include ''[[Gyrodactylus salaris]]'', ''[[Ichthyophthirius multifiliis]]'', [[cryptocaryon]], [[Velvet (fish disease)|velvet disease]], ''[[Brooklynella hostilis]]'', [[Hole in the head disease|Hole in the head]], ''[[Glugea]]'', ''[[Ceratomyxa shasta]]'', ''[[Kudoa thyrsites]]'', ''[[Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae]]'', ''[[Cymothoa exigua]]'', [[leech]]es, [[nematode]], [[Trematoda|flukes]], ''[[Platyhelminthes]]'', [[fish louse|carp lice]] and [[Salmon louse|salmon lice]]

! colspan="2"|[[Celestial Eye]]

==Note==

! colspan="2"|[[Comet (goldfish)]]

<references />

! colspan="2"|[[Fantail (goldfish)]]

|-

| <small>Fancy '''Celestial eye goldfish''' or ''Choten gan'' has a double tail and a breed-defining pair of upturned, telescope eyes with pupils gazing skyward.</small>

| [[File:Celestial eye goldfish.jpg|120px]]

==Boh==

| <small>The '''comet''' or '''comet-tailed goldfish''' is the most common fancy variety in the [[United States]]. It is similar to the [[common goldfish]], except slightly smaller and slimmer, and is mainly distinguished by its long, deeply forked tail.</small>

{{Tassobox

| [[File:Sarasa comet goldfish.jpg|120px]]

|nome=Nothobranchius

| <small>The '''Fantail''' goldfish is the western form of the [[Ryukin]] and possesses an egg-shaped body, a high dorsal fin, a long [[quadruple]] caudal fin, and no shoulder hump.</small>

|statocons=

|immagine= [[File:NothobranchiusFan rachoviitailed malegoldfish.jpg|230px120px]]

|-

|didascalia=Maschio di ''[[Nothobranchius rachovii]]''

! colspan="2"|[[Lionhead (goldfish)]]

<!-- CLASSIFICAZIONE: -->

! colspan="2"|[[Oranda]]

|dominio= [[Eukaryota]]

! colspan="2"|[[Pearlscale]]

|regno=[[Animalia]]

|-

|sottoregno=

| <small>The fancy '''lionhead''' has a [[hood (anatomy)|hood]]. This [[fish]] is the [[wiktionary:Precursor|precursor]] to the [[ranchu]].</small>

<!-- PER LE PIANTE: -->

| [[File:LionheadGoldfishSideviewRodsan18b.jpg|120px]]

|superdivisione=

| <small>The fancy '''oranda''' is characterized by a prominent raspberry-like hood or (also known as ''wen'' or headgrowth) that encases the whole head except for the eyes and mouth.</small>

|divisione=

| [[File:OrangeOranda.jpg|120px]]

|sottodivisione=

| <small>The fancy '''pearlscale''' or '''chinshurin''' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], is spherical-bodied with finnage similar to the [[Fantail (goldfish)|fantail]].</small>

<!-- PER GLI ALTRI ESSERI VIVENTI: -->

| [[File:Goldfish Pearl Scale.jpg|120px]]

|superphylum=

|-

|phylum=[[Chordata]]

! colspan="2"|[[Pompom (goldfish)]]

|subphylum=

! colspan="2"|[[Ryukin]]

|infraphylum=

! colspan="2"|[[Shubunkin]]

|microphylum=

|-

|nanophylum=

| <small>The fancy '''Pompoms''' or '''pompon''' or '''hana fusa''' have bundles of loose fleshy outgrowths between the nostrils, on each side of the head.</small>

<!-- PER TUTTI: -->

|

|superclasse=

| <small>The fancy '''ryukin''' has a short, deep body with a characteristic shoulder hump.</small>

|classe=[[Actinopterygii]]

| [[File:Goldfish Ryukin.jpg|120px]]

|sottoclasse=

| <small>Fancy and hardy [[Japan]]ese {{nihongo|'''Shubunkins'''|朱文金}} (translated literally as "red brocade") have a single tail with [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nacreous nacreous] scales, and a pattern known as [[Calico (goldfish)|calico]].</small>

|infraclasse=

| [[File:Clear shubunkin.jpg|120px]]

|superordine=

|-

|ordine=[[Cyprinodontiformes]]

! colspan="2"|[[Telescope eye]]

|sottordine=

! colspan="2"|[[Ranchu]]

|infraordine=

! colspan="2"|[[Panda Moor]]

|superfamiglia=

|-

|famiglia=[[Nothobranchiidae]]

| <small>The fancy '''telescope eye''' or '''demekin''' is characterized by its protruding eyes. It is also known as '''globe eye''' or '''dragon eye''' goldfish.</small>

|sottofamiglia=

| [[File:GoldfishDroganeys.jpg|120px]]

|tribù=

| <small>The fancy Japanese '''ranchu''' is [[hood (anatomy)|hood]]ed. The [[Japanese people|Japanese]] refer to it as the "king of goldfish".</small>

|sottotribù=

| [[File:Goldfish Ranchu 2.jpg|120px]]

|genere='''Nothobranchius'''

| <small>The fancy '''panda moor''' has a characteristic black-and-white color pattern and protruding eyes.</small>

|genereautore=Myers, 1924

| [[File:Pandamoor.jpg|120px]]

|sottogenere=

|-

|specie=

! colspan="2"|[[Veiltail]]

|sottospecie=

! colspan="2"|[[Butterfly tail (goldfish)]]

<!-- NOMENCLATURA BINOMIALE: -->

! colspan="2"|[[Meteor goldfish]]

|biautore=

|-

|binome=

| <small>The fancy '''veiltail''' is known for its extra-long, flowing double tail. Modern veiltail standards require little or no indentation of the trailing edges of the caudal fins, as in a wedding veil for a bride.</small>

|bidata=

| [[File:Welon (ryba).JPG|120px]]

<!-- NOMENCLATURA TRINOMIALE: -->

| <small>The '''Butterfly Tail Moor or Butterfly Telescope''' is of the telescope-eye lineage, with twin tails best viewed from above. The spread of the caudal fins mimics butterflies underwater.</small>

|triautore=

| [[File:calico-butterfly-tail-demekin.png|120px]]

|trinome=

| <small>The '''Meteor goldfish''' is a strange-looking variety that has been developed by specialist breeders of fancy goldfish. It has no tail fin, hence its name.<ref name=Bristol>[http://www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk/goldfish/goldfish.htm Fancy Goldfish Varieties, Bristol Aquarists' Society, Bristol-Aquarists.org], retrieved on: June 20, 2007</ref><ref name="autogenerated2002">Andrews, Dr. Chris. "An Interpet Guide to Fancy Goldfish", Interpet Publishing, 2002 - ISBN 1-902389-64-6</ref>

|tridata=

|-

<!-- ALTRO: -->

! colspan="2"|[[Lionchu]]

|sinonimi?=

! colspan="2"|[[Egg-fish goldfish]]

|sinonimi=

! colspan="2"|[[Shukin]]

|nomicomuni=

|-

|suddivisione=

|<small>The '''Lionchu''' or '''lionhead-ranchu''' is a fancy goldfish that has resulted from crossbreeding [[Lionhead (goldfish)|lionheads]] and [[ranchu]]s.<ref name="Ponzio">[http://web.archive.org/web/20110725073933/http://www.goldfishpages.com/Articles/What%20is%20a%20Lionchu.pdf "What is a Lionchu?" by Peter Ponzio, an article from the Goldfish Pages Website (Goldfish Society of America), date retrieved: 28 February 2013]</ref><ref name="GFSA">[http://web.archive.org/web/20110725074035/http://www.goldfishpages.com/Articles/GFSA%20Ask%20the%20Judges,%20Ranchus.pdf "GFSA - Ask the Judges", an article about the Lionchu by Larry Christensen, Peter Ponzio, Scott Taylor, Tony Reynolds and John Parker, from the Goldfish Pages Website (Goldfish Society of America), date retrieved: 28 February 2013]</ref>

|suddivisione_testo=

|[[File:Goldfish Lionchu first orize winner.jpg|120px]]

}}

|<small>The '''egg-fish''' goldfish is an artificial creation of specialist fancy goldfish breeders which lacks a [[dorsal fin]] and has a pronounced egg-shaped body.<ref name=Andrews>Andrews, Chris, Dr. An Interpet Guide to Fancy Goldfish, Interpet Publishing, 2002. - ISBN 1-902389-64-6</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagen.com/usa/aquatic/more.cfm |title=Nutrafin Aquatic News, Issue #4, 2004, Rolf C. Hagen, Inc. (USA) and Rolf C. Hagen Corp. (Montreal, Canada) |publisher=Hagen.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-19}}</ref>

|[[File:Eggfish.jpg|120px]]

'''''Nothobranchius''''' è un genere comprendente 59 specie di pesci d'acqua dolce appartenenti alla famiglia [[Nothobranchiidae]].

|<small>The '''Shukin''' is Ranchu-like goldfish developed from [[Ranchu]] and [[Oranda]] at the end of the 19th century in Japan.

|

==Diffusione e habitat==

|-

Queste specie sono [[endemismo|endemiche]] dell'[[Africa orientale]] [[tropici|tropicale]], dove vivono in pozze e piccoli corsi d'acqua delle [[foreste pluviali]] e delle [[savana|savane]].

! colspan="2"|[[Curled-gill goldfish]]

! colspan="2"|[[Tamasaba]]

==Specie==

! colspan="2"|[[Tosakin]]

*''[[Fundulopanchax amieti]]''

|-

*''[[Fundulopanchax arnoldi]]''

|<small>The '''Curled-gill''' or '''Reversed-gill''' goldfish is another uncommon variety of fancy goldfish that has been developed by specialist [[enthusiasts]]. It owes its name to the out-turned appearance of its gill covers.<ref name="autogenerated2002"/><ref>Johnson, Dr. Erik L., D.V.M. and Richard E. Hess. Fancy Goldfish: A Complete Guide to Care and Collecting, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2001 - ISBN 0-8348-0448-4</ref>

*''[[Fundulopanchax avichang]]''

|[[File:Curled gill goldfish.jpg|120x150px]]

*''[[Fundulopanchax cinnamomeus]]''

|<small>The '''Tamasaba''' or '''Sabao''' is an uncommon [[Japan]]ese variety of goldfish with a body shaped similar to the [[Ryukin]] and a very long, flowing, single tail that is similar to that of a [[mackerel]], hence its other name, [[Mackerel]] Tail.

*''[[Fundulopanchax deltaensis]]''

|

*''[[Fundulopanchax fallax]]''

|<small>The '''Tosakin''' or '''curly fantail goldfish''' is a very distinctive breed of goldfish with a large tail fin that spreads out horizontally (like a fan) behind the fish. Though technically a divided tail, the two halves are attached at the center/middle forming a single fin.

*''[[Fundulopanchax filamentosus]]''

|[[File:Tosakin.JPG|120x150px]]

*''[[Fundulopanchax gardneri]]''

|}

*''[[Fundulopanchax gresensi]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax gularis]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax intermittens]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax kamdemi]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax marmoratus]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax mirabilis]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax moensis]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax ndianus]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax oeseri]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax powelli]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax puerzli]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax robertsoni]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax rubrolabialis]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax scheeli]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax sjostedti]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax spoorenbergi]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax traudeae]]''

*''[[Fundulopanchax walkeri]]''

== Altri progetti ==

{{interprogetto|commons=Category:Nothobranchius}}

==Collegamenti esterni==

* [http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/ValidNameList.php?syng=Fundulopanchax&syns=&vtitle=Scientific+Names+where+Genus+Equals+%3Ci%3EFundulopanchax%3C%2Fi%3E&crit2=contains&crit1=EQUAL Scheda su FishBase]

{{Portale|pesci}}