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==Rod and Frame Illusion==
The rod and frame illusion occurs because of the effect of the orientation of the frame on the rod. In the simplest example of the rod and frame illusion, the illusion will cause the participant to perceive the rod to be oriented congruent with the orientation of the frame (Corbett and Ennis, 2006). When the participant is viewing the rod and frame that are both positioned at 0 degrees (or vertical), he or she perceives the rod as vertical with perfect accuracy. However, when the frame is tilted away from vertical the participant’s perception of vertical is affected. The participant tends to perceive the rod to be tilted in the same direction as the frame is oriented (e.g. if the frame is tilted in the counterclockwise direction the rod will also be perceived as being tilted counterclockwise). As the tilt of the frame increases, the participants’ perceived vertical increasingly deviates from true vertical.
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The frame of reference with respect to studies of the visual system refers to perceived reference axes. In the rod and frame illusion there are a number of things that can influence one’s frame of reference. Spinelli, Antonicci, Daini, and Zoccolotti (1995) state that one reason people experience the rod and frame illusion is due to visual-vestibular interactions. For instance, when a participant is viewing the rod and frame task while physically tilted, the participant acts as though they are tilted opposite of the orientation of the frame. This suggests that the illusion, in part, is due to the person compensating for their perceived vertical in the direction that is opposite of the frame. Other evidence proposed by researchers that is consistent with this is that when participants are put on their sides to view the rod and frame task, they rely on their vision when their vestibular and proprioceptive senses are incongruent with those of their visual senses (Corbett and Enns, 2006). These finding suggest that the rod and frame illusion is processed in a type of hierarchy, where visual input is at the top, then vestibular cues, and finally proprioceptive cues.
Lipshits’ (2010) found that along with this hierarchy of processing, that proprioceptive information, as opposed to gravity, is used by the body to determine which way is vertical. The researcher mentions that when we are not able to use vision to determine which way is vertical, people use other cues based on the axis of their head and body.
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