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==Simple covariance mapping==
Covariance mapping can be applied to any repetitive, fluctuating signal to reveal information hidden in the fluctuations. This technique was first used to analyse [[mass spectra]] of molecules [[ionization|ionised]] and fragmented by intense laser pulses.<ref name="LJF89">L J Frasinski, K Codling and P A Hatherly "Covariance Mapping: A Correlation Method Applied to Multiphoton Multiple Ionisation" ''Science'' '''246''' 1029–1031 (1989), [http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14241 open access]</ref>
[[Image:Schematics of LCLS covariance mapping experiment.png|thumb|400px|'''Figure 1: Schematics of a covariance mapping experiment.''' The experiment was performed at the [[LCLS#LCLS|LCLS FEL]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref name="LJF13"/>]]
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