PHOSFOS: Difference between revisions

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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Fabric with embedded POF sensors.jpg|thumbnail|right|400px|Figure 4: Digital image correlation (DIC) image of the strain field in a fabric fitted with polymer optical fiber (POF) and silica gratings under a load of 20N, using dimethyl cyclosiloxane (DMC) and Araldite adhesive. FBG: Fiber Bragg grating. Si: Silicon. N: Newtons. MPa: Megapascals]] -->
 
A summary of the key developments can be found on the PhoSFOS EU webpage [http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results] and include the demonstration of a fully flexible opto-electronic foil.<ref>Fully flexible opto-electronic foil, E. Bosman, G. Van Steenberge, I. Milenkov, K. Panajotov, H. Thienpont, J. Bauwelinck, P. Van Daele, Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2010</ref>
 
Figure 3 shows the [[scattering]] of HeNe [[laser]] light from noise gratings recorded in [[PMMA]] using a 325&nbsp;nm HeCd laser.
 
One of the early results from the project was the successful demonstration of a repeatable method of joining the polymer fiber to standard silica fibre. This was a major development and allowed for the first time POF Bragg gratings to be used in real applications outside of the optics lab. One of the first uses for these sensors was in monitoring the strain of tapestries<ref>http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/68650/01/137_Lennard.pdf</ref> shown in Figure 4,.<ref>http://spie.org/x39927.xml?ArticleID=x39927</ref> In this case conventional electrical strain sensors and silica fiber sensors were shown to be strengthening the tapestries in areas where they were fixed. Because the polymer devices are much more flexible they do not distort the material as much and therefore give a much most accurate measurement of the strain in flexible materials. Temperature and humidity sensing using a combined silica / POF fiber sensor has been demonstrated.<ref>Optical fibre temperature and humidity sensor, C. Zhang, W. Zhang, D.J. Webb, G.D. Peng, Electronics Letters, 46, 9, pp643-644, 2010, {{doi|10.1049/el.2010.0879}}</ref> Combined strain, temperature and bend sensing has also been shown.<ref>Bragg grating in polymer optical fibre for strain, bend and temperature sensing, X. Chen, C. Zhang, D.J Webb, G.-D. Peng , K. Kalli, Measurement Science and Technology, 2010</ref> Using a fiber Bragg grating in an eccentric core polymer has been shown to yield a high sensitivity to bend.<ref>Highly Sensitive Bend Sensor Based on Bragg Grating in Eccentric Core Polymer Fiber, X. Chen, C. Zhang, D.J. Webb, K. Kalli, G.-D. Peng, A. Argyros, IEEE Sensors Journal, 2010</ref>
 
Other recent progress includes the demonstration of birefringent photonic crystal fibers with zero polarimetric sensitivity to temperature,<ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/index.php/eng/Phosfos/Journals/Birefringent-photonic-crystal-fibers-with-zero-polarimetric-sensitivity-to-temperature</ref><ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results</ref> and a successful demonstration of transversal load sensing with fibre Bragg gratings in microstructured optic fibers.<ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/index.php/eng/Phosfos/Journals/Transversal-Load-Sensing-with-Fiber-Bragg-Gratings-in-Microstructured-Optical-Fibers</ref>
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3. '''Integrated sensors and optoelectronics''' - several different approaches for embedding optical fibre sensors in a flexible and stretchable host material, including injection molding, laser structuring, and soft lithography were considered. The influence of the embedding process was studied for silica and polymer [[fiber Bragg gratings]]. Temperature, humidity, strain, curvature and pressure sensitivities were fully characterized for different flexible host materials. An approach in which the embedded optoelectronic chips can be efficiently coupled towards the optical fiber sensors, using dedicated coupling structures, incorporating a 45˚ micromirror, as well as a fiber alignment groove was proposed. This allowed low cost components to be used in combination with well-established fabrication technologies, to demonstrate a truly low cost fully integrated sensing foil for biomedical applications.<ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-03-Integrating-Sensors-and-Opto-electronics-in-Flexible-Materials</ref>
 
4. '''Polymer [[fiber Bragg gratings]]''' - Prior to the commencement of PHOSFOS, gratings in polymer optical fibre (POF) only existed in the 1550&nbsp;nm spectral region where the large fibre loss (1dB1&nbsp;dB/cm) only permitted very short (<10&nbsp;cm) fibre lengths to be used and the devices had to be butt-coupled to a silica fiber pigtail on the optical bench.
The PHOSFOS consortium has developed a means for reliably splicing POF to silica fibre and produced the first gratings in the 800&nbsp;nm spectral region where losses are almost 2 orders of magnitude less than at 1550&nbsp;nm. These developments have allowed POF grating sensors to be used outside the laboratory for the first time.<ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-04-Polymer-Fibre-Bragg-Gratings</ref>
 
5. '''Wavelength multiplexed polymer [[fiber Bragg gratings]]''' - once the fiber connection issue was solved it was possible to fabricated the first ever wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibre (POF). Moreover by characterizing and using the thermal annealing properties of the fibre it was possible to shift the reflecting wavelength of a grating by over 20&nbsp;nm, to enable multiple WDM sensors to be recorded with a single phase mask.
<ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-05-Wavelength-Multiplexed</ref>
 
6. '''Femtosecond [[fiber Bragg gratings]]''' - using femtosecond lasers to  inscribe  [[fiber  Bragg  gratings]]  in  [[optical  fibers]],  whilst  also  selectively  inducing  [[birefringence]]  in  the  optical  fibre  at  the  same  spatial  ___location  as  the  grating,  has enabled the development of vectorial  sensors.
.<ref>http://www.phosfos.eu/eng/Phosfos/Facts-Results/Fact-Sheet-06-Femtosecond-Fibre-Bragg-Grating-Fabrication</ref>