Wikipedia

Oracle Database: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m rv nonsense edit; Undid revision 623719380 by 106.220.109.70 (talk)
No edit summary
Line 1:
{{Infobox software
| name = Oracle Database
| logo = [[File:Oracle logo.svg|250px]]
| screenshot =
Line 15:
| status = Active
| programming language = [[Assembly language]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html
| title = The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0
| first = Vincent
Line 28:
}}
 
'''Oracle Database''' (commonly referred to as '''Oracle RDBMS''' or simply as '''Oracle''') is an [[object-relational database management system]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e11822/whatsnew.htm#i969790 |title= What's New|author= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> produced and marketed by [[Oracle Corporation]].
 
[[Larry Ellison]] and two friends and former co-workers, [[Bob Miner]] and [[Ed Oates]], started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name ''Oracle'' comes from the code-name of a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by [[Ampex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html |title=Welcome to Larryland |publisher=Guardian |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref>
 
==Physical and logical structures==
 
An Oracle database system—identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID<ref>{{cite web | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/install.111/b32077/glossary.htm?type=popup#BABEBJAG | title = Glossary | accessdate = 2008-11-17 | author = | last = Bhakthavatsalam | first = Namrata | authorlink = |date= August 2008 | work = Oracle Database Client quote = The SID automatically defaults to the database name portion of the global database name (sales in the example sales.us.example.com) until you reach eight characters or enter a period. You can accept or change the default value. }}</ref>—comprises at least one [[Database|instance]] of the application, along with data storage. An instance—identified persistently by an instantiation number (or activation id: SYS.V_$DATABASE.ACTIVATION#)—comprises a set of operating-system [[process (computing)|processes]] and [[Computer data storage|memory]]-structures that interact with the [[Computer data storage|storage]]. (Typical processes include PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).) Oracle documentation can refer to an active database instance as a "shared memory realm".<ref>
{{cite book
| last = McLaughlin
| first = Michael
| title = Oracle Database 11g & MySQL 5.6 Developer Handbook
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uaMYNWuckBMC
| accessdate = 2012-06-04
| series = Osborne Oracle Press
Line 64:
|authorlink=
|title= Expert Oracle Database 11g Administration
|url= http://books.google.com/?id=tdRes4IdLiIC
|accessdate= 2010-07-07
|series= The expert's voice in Oracle
Line 78:
A DBA can impose maximum quotas on storage per user within each tablespace.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e25789/logical.htm#i8531
|title = Oracle Database Concepts: 11g Release 2 (11.2)
|last1 = Ashdown
Line 101:
 
Disk files primarily represent one of the following structures:
 
* Data and index files: These files provide the physical storage of data, which can consist of the data-dictionary data (associated to the tablespace SYSTEM), user data, or index data. These files can be managed manually or managed by Oracle itself ("Oracle-managed files"). Note that a datafile has to belong to exactly one tablespace, whereas a tablespace can consist of multiple datafiles.
* Redo log files, consisting of all changes to the database, used to recover from an instance failure. Note that often a database will store these files multiple times, for extra security in case of disk failure. The identical redo log files are said to belong to the same group.
Line 113 ⟶ 112:
Data files can occupy pre-allocated space in the file system of a computer server, utilize raw disk directly, or exist within [[Automatic Storage Management|ASM]] logical volumes.<ref>
{{cite web | first = Bob | last = Watkins | authorlink = | title = Look inside ASM disk groups with Oracle 10''g''R2's ASMCMD
| url = http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6154262.html | archiveurl = | work = techrepublic.com | publisher = ZDNet | ___location = | doi = | date = 30 January 2007 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-07-30
| quote = In 10''g'', Oracle introduced a new kind of storage for its database product. Automatic Storage Management (ASM) is a logical volume manager that takes physical disk partitions and manages their contents [...] Until ASM, there were only two choices: file system storage and raw disk storage.
}}
Line 124 ⟶ 123:
Oracle Corporation now de-emphasizes the <code>SCOTT</code> schema, as it uses few features of more recent Oracle releases. Most {{As of | 2009 | alt = recent}} examples supplied by Oracle Corporation reference the default HR or OE schemas.
 
Other default schemas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/misc/known_schemas.html |title=Known schemas in Oracle |publisher=Adp-gmbh.ch |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcdba.com/abcdbaserver11gdefaultschema |title=11g Default Schema |publisher=ABCdba.com |accessdate=2010-10-26}}</ref> include:
* <code>SYS</code> (essential core database structures and utilities)
* <code>SYSTEM</code> (additional core database structures and utilities, and privileged account)
* <code>OUTLN</code> (utilized to store metadata for stored outlines for stable query-optimizer execution plans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/tuning/cbo/plan_stability.html |title=Optimizer plan stability definition |publisher=Adp-gmbh.ch |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref>)
* <code>BI</code>, <code>IX</code>, <code>HR</code>, <code>OE</code>, <code>PM</code>, and <code>SH</code> (expanded sample schemas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/misc/sample_schemas.html |title=Oracle's sample schemas |publisher=Adp-gmbh.ch |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> containing more data and structures than the older <code>SCOTT</code> schema).
 
===={{Anchor|BUFFER-POOL}}System Global Area====
{{Main|System Global Area}}
 
Each Oracle instance uses a [[System Global Area]] or SGA—a [[shared memory|shared-memory]] area—to store its data and control-information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp |title=Oracle Architecture, System Global Area |publisher=World-class-programme.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}
</ref>
 
Line 164 ⟶ 163:
 
====Library cache====
The library cache<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp |title=Oracle architecture, the library cache section |publisher=World-class-programme.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> stores shared SQL, caching the parse tree and the execution plan for every unique SQL statement. If multiple applications issue the same SQL statement, each application can access the shared SQL area. This reduces the amount of memory needed and reduces the processing-time used for parsing and execution planning.
 
====Data dictionary cache====
Line 175 ⟶ 174:
* information on space allocated and used for schema objects
 
The Oracle instance frequently accesses the data dictionary to [[parsing|parse]] SQL statements. Oracle operation depends on ready access to the data dictionary—performance bottlenecks in the data dictionary affect all Oracle users. Because of this, database administrators must make sure that the data dictionary cache<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp |title=Oracle Architecture, data dictionary cache |publisher=World-class-programme.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> has sufficient capacity to cache this data. Without enough memory for the data-dictionary cache, users see a severe performance degradation. Allocating sufficient memory to the shared pool where the data dictionary cache resides precludes these particular performance problem.
 
====Program Global Area====
The Program Global Area<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp |title=Oracle architecture, Program Global Area section |publisher=World-class-programme.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}
</ref><ref>
[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/mix.102/b14388/gloss-p.htm#index-PGA PGA Definition], Oracle Database Master Glossary
Line 195 ⟶ 194:
The dynamic performance views (also known as "fixed views") within an Oracle database present information from virtual tables (X$ tables)<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://nyoug.org/Presentations/2002/vviews.PDF
| title = V$ views - don't leave $HOME without them
| first = Mike
Line 210 ⟶ 209:
built on the basis of database memory.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e10820.pdf
| title = Overview of the Dynamic Performance Views
| first = Morales
Line 231 ⟶ 230:
 
====Oracle processes====
The Oracle RDBMS typically relies on a group of processes running simultaneously in the [[background process|background]] and interacting to monitor and expedite database operations. Typical operating environments might include - temporarily or permanently - some of the following individual processes (shown along with their abbreviated nomenclature):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/process.htm#i16977 |title=Oracle Process architecture concepts |publisher=Download.oracle.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref>
 
* [[Oracle Advanced Queuing|advanced queueing]] processes (Qnnn)<ref>
Line 238 ⟶ 237:
| first = Christian
| title = Troubleshooting Oracle Performance
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=b3DIkYO2gBQC
| accessdate = 2011-05-05
| series = Apress Series
Line 271 ⟶ 270:
| first = Norbert
| title = Secrets of the Oracle Database
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=g1R96D2uO7kC
| accessdate = 2011-05-02
| series = Apress series
Line 289 ⟶ 288:
* memory-monitor process (MMON): process for automatic problem-detection, self-tuning and statistics-gathering<ref>
[http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 Safaribooksonline.com]
{{cite book | last= Niemiec | first= Richard | authorlink = | title= Oracle Database 10g Performance Tuning: Tips & Techniques | url= http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 | accessdate= 2009-08-12 | edition = | series = | volume = | date= 25 June 2007 | origyear = | publisher= Oracle Press | ___location = | isbn= 978-0-07-226305-3 | oclc = | doi = | bibcode = | id = | page= 967 | nopp = | chapter= 1.30. New Background Processes in 10''g'' | chapterurl = | quote= MMON Memory Monitor process is associated with the Automatic Workload Repository new features used for automatic problem detection and self-tuning. MMON writes out the required statistics for AWR on a scheduled basis. | ref = | laysummary = | laydate = | separator = | postscript = | lastauthoramp= }}</ref>
* memory-monitor light process (MMNL): gathers and stores Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) data
* mmon slaves (Mnnnn—M0000, M0001, etc.): background slaves of the MMON process<ref>
[http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 Safaribooksonline.com]{{cite book | last= Niemiec | first= Richard | authorlink = | title= Oracle Database 10g Performance Tuning: Tips & Techniques | url= http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 | accessdate= 2009-08-12 | edition = | series = | volume = | date= 25 June 2007 | origyear = | publisher= Oracle Press | ___location = | isbn= 978-0-07-226305-3 | oclc = | doi = | bibcode = | id = | page= 967 | nopp = | chapter= 1.30. New Background Processes in 10''g'' | chapterurl = | quote= M000 These are MMON background slave (m000) processes. | ref = | laysummary = | laydate = | separator = | postscript = | lastauthoramp= }}</ref>
* process-monitor process (PMON) *REQUIRED*
* process-spawner (PSP0): spawns Oracle processes
Line 302 ⟶ 301:
|author2=Steve Shaw
| title = Pro Oracle database 10g RAC on Linux: installation, administration, and performance
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GjYTbJTIr54C
| accessdate = 2011-05-05
| series = Apress Series
Line 319 ⟶ 318:
| first1 = Murali
| title = Oracle 10g RAC Grid, Services & Clustering
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=P9H7KRlhx_AC
| publisher = Digital Press
| publication-date = 2006
Line 333 ⟶ 332:
====User processes, connections and sessions====
Oracle Database terminology distinguishes different [[computer science|computer-science]] terms in describing how end-users interact with the database:
* user [[process (computing)|processes]] involve the invocation of application software<ref>{{cite web | url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/process.htm#sthref1481 | title= Process Architecture | accessdate= 2008-08-13 | last= Cyran | first= Michele |author2=Paul Lane | year= 2005 | work= Oracle Database Concepts | publisher= Oracle Corporation | quote= When a user runs an application program (such as a Pro*C program) or an Oracle tool (such as Enterprise Manager or SQL*Plus), Oracle creates a user process to run the user's application. }}</ref>
* a connection refers to the pathway linking a user process to an Oracle instance<ref>{{cite web | url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/process.htm#sthref1481 | title= Process Architecture | accessdate= 2008-08-13 | last= Cyran | first= Michele |author2=Paul Lane | year= 2005 | work= Oracle Database Concepts | publisher= Oracle Corporation | quote=A connection is a communication pathway between a user process and an Oracle instance. }}</ref>
* [[session (computer science)|sessions]] consist of specific connections to an Oracle instance.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/process.htm#sthref1481 | title= Process Architecture | accessdate= 2008-08-13 | last= Cyran | first= Suraj | first= Michele |author2=Paul Lane | year= 2005 | work= Oracle Database Concepts | publisher= Oracle Corporation | quote= A session is a specific connection of a user to an Oracle instance through a user process }}</ref> Each session within an instance has a session identifier or "SID"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28320/dynviews_3016.htm | title = V$SESSION | accessdate = 2008-11-17 | author = | last = Morales | first = Tony | authorlink = | year = 2008 | work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = Oracle | ___location = | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}</ref> (distinct from the system-identifier SID).
 
===Concurrency and locking===
Oracle databases control simultaneous access to data resources with [[lock (computer science)|locks]] (alternatively documented as "enqueues").<ref>
{{cite web | first = Immanuel | last = Chan | title = Glossary | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28274/glossary.htm?type=popup#sthref1649 | archiveurl = | work = Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = Oracle Corporation |date= July 2008 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-04-29 | quote = enqueue[:] This is another term for a lock. }}</ref>
The databases also utilize "latches" - low-level serialization mechanisms to protect shared data structures in the System Global Area.<ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | title = Oracle Database Master Glossary: 11''g'' Release 1 (11.1) | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/mix.111/b14388/gloss-l.htm | archiveurl = | work = | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | doi = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-04-24 | quote = latch[:] A simple, low-level serialization mechanism to protect shared data structures in the System Global Area. }}</ref>
 
===Configuration===
Database administrators control many of the tunable variations in an Oracle instance by means of values in a parameter file.<ref>{{cite web | first = Richard | last = Strohm | author = | authorlink = |author2=et al. | title = Parameter Files | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/intro.htm#sthref23 | archiveurl = | work = Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | page = | pages = | doi = |date= October 2008 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-07-14 | quote = Parameter files contain a list of configuration parameters for that instance and database.}}
</ref>
This file in its ASCII default form ("pfile") normally has a name of the format <code>init<SID-name>.ora</code>. The default binary equivalent server parameter file ("spfile") (dynamically reconfigurable to some extent)<ref>{{cite web | first = Richard | last = Strohm | author = | authorlink = |author2=et al. | title = Initialization Parameter Files and Server Parameter Files | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/startup.htm#i9633 | archiveurl = | work = Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | page = | pages = | doi = |date= October 2008 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-07-14 | quote = }}</ref>
defaults to the format <code>spfile<SID-name>.ora</code>. Within an SQL-based environment, the views <code>V$PARAMETER</code><ref>{{cite web | first = Tony | last = Morales | author = | authorlink = |author2=et al. | title = V$PARAMETER | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28320/dynviews_2.htm#insertedID85 | archiveurl = | work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | page = | pages = | doi = |date= April 2009 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-07-14 | quote = V$PARAMETER displays information about the initialization parameters that are currently in effect for the session. }}</ref>
and <code>V$SPPARAMETER</code><ref>{{cite web | first = Tony | last = Morales | author = | authorlink = |author2=et al. | title = V$SPPARAMETER | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28320/dynviews_3.htm#insertedID41 | archiveurl = | work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | page = | pages = | doi = |date= April 2009 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-07-14 | quote = V$SPPARAMETER displays information about the contents of the server parameter file. }}</ref>
give access to reading parameter values.
 
Line 360 ⟶ 359:
| authorlink2 =
| title = OCP: Oracle 10g New Features for Administrators Study Guide: Exam 1Z0-040
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XX8qSa1x0G4C
| accessdate = 2013-10-10
| year = 2006
Line 376 ⟶ 375:
| author1-link =
| title = High-Performance Oracle: Proven Methods for Achieving Optimum Performance and Availability
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JD4-pBV6Bf4C
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| publication-date = 2002
Line 396 ⟶ 395:
| editor1-first = Ioan-Lucian
| title = Manageability comparison: Oracle Database 10g and Oracle9i Database
| url = http://www.upet.ro/annals/pdf/Annals-2008-Part1.pdf
| journal = Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics
| ___location = Petroşani, Romania
Line 416 ⟶ 415:
 
==Internationalization==
Oracle Database software comes in 63 language-versions (including regional variations such as British English and American English). Variations between versions cover the names of days and months, abbreviations, time-symbols (such as A.M. and A.D.), and sorting.<ref name="titleLocale Data%2520Data">
{{cite web |url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14225/applocaledata.htm#i634428 |title=Locale Languages |accessdate=2008-02-26 }}</ref>
 
Oracle Corporation has translated Oracle Database error-messages into Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai and Turkish.<ref name="titleMessages Data%2520Data">{{cite web |url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14225/applocaledata.htm#i634673 | title=Error Message Languages |accessdate=2008-02-26 }}</ref>
<!-- could not find list of documentation translations yet-->
 
Oracle Corporation provides database developers with tools and mechanisms for producing internationalized database applications: referred to internally as "Globalization".<ref>
{{cite web | url =/ref><ref>
{{cite web | url = http://arjudba.blogspot.com | title = A complete RMAN shell script backup for Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g, 11g | accessdate = 2010-11-07 | author = | last = Arju | first = Md. Abdul | authorlink = |author2=et al. |date= November 2010
{{cite web | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28298/ch1overview.htm#sthref8 | title = Overview of Globalization Support | accessdate = 2009-02-16 | author = | last = Shea | first = Cathy | authorlink = |author2=et al. |date= September 2007 | work = Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]] | ___location = | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | dateformat = | quote = In the past, Oracle referred to globalization support capabilities as National Language Support (NLS) features. NLS is actually a subset of globalization support. NLS is the ability to choose a national language and store data in a specific character set. Globalization support enables you to develop multilingual applications and software products that can be accessed and run from anywhere in the world simultaneously. }}▼
| work = A complete RMAN shell script backup for Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g, 11g
| publisher = [[Md.Abdul Arju]] | dateformat =
| quote = A complete RMAN backup shell script that will work regardless of most used oracle version as well as most used unix operating system. In this script it is assumed that you are using recovery catalog for you rman backup.
}}
</ref><ref>
▲{{cite web | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28298/ch1overview.htm#sthref8 | title = Overview of Globalization Support | accessdate = 2009-02-16 | author = | last = Shea | first = Cathy | authorlink = |author2=et al. |date= September 2007 | work = Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) | publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]] | ___location = | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | dateformat = | quote = In the past, Oracle referred to globalization support capabilities as National Language Support (NLS) features. NLS is actually a subset of globalization support. NLS is the ability to choose a national language and store data in a specific character set. Globalization support enables you to develop multilingual applications and software products that can be accessed and run from anywhere in the world simultaneously. }}
</ref>
 
Line 441 ⟶ 435:
* 1983: The company released Oracle version 3, which it had re-written using the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]], and which supported <code>[[Commit (data management)|COMMIT]]</code> and <code>[[Rollback (data management)|ROLLBACK]]</code> functionality for transactions. Version 3 extended platform support from the existing [[Digital Equipment Corporation|Digital]] [[VAX/VMS]] systems to include [[Unix]] environments.<ref name="autogenerated2" />
* 1984: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 4, which supported [[consistency model|read-consistency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://oracle.com.edgesuite.net/timeline/oracle/
| title = Oracle Timeline
| quote = Oracle Version 4 is released with a new feature called "read consistency," which assures that a query will have a consistent set of data during execution.
| accessdate = 21 March 2013
}}</ref> In October it also released the first Oracle for the [[IBM PC]].<ref name="webster19841113">{{cite news | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Ukz6hjZEA4C&lpg=PA12&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=true | title=PC Relational Database? New Answer Is Oracle | work=PC Magazine | date=1984-11-13 | accessdate=25 October 2013 | author=Webster, Robin | pages=57}}</ref>
* 1985: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 5, which supported the [[client–server model]]—a sign of networks becoming more widely available in the mid-1980s.
* 1986: Oracle version 5.1 started supporting [[distributed computing|distributed]] queries.
Line 458 ⟶ 452:
| first = Guy
| title = Oracle SQL high-performance tuning
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bh6CLbeKQ4QC
| accessdate = 2011-01-20
| edition = 2
Line 478 ⟶ 472:
| authorlink =
| title = Oracle SQL*Plus: The Definitive Guide
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aDHKcmoCTPEC
| accessdate = 2012-08-03
| edition = 2
Line 493 ⟶ 487:
* 2005: Oracle Database 10.2.0.1—also known as Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 2 (10''g''R2)—appeared.
* 2006: Oracle Corporation announces [[Unbreakable Linux]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> and acquires i-flex
* 2007: Oracle Database 10''g'' release 2 sets a new [[world record]] TPC-H 3000 GB [[benchmark (computing)|benchmark]] result<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itmanagement.com/press-releases/oracle-tpc-h-record-060806/ |title=Oracle Database 10''g'' Sets New Record for TPC-H Three TB Benchmark |accessdate=2008-01-31 |work= }}</ref>
* 2007: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 11''g'' for [[Linux]] and for [[Microsoft Windows]].
* 2008: Oracle Corporation acquires [[BEA Systems]].
Line 505 ⟶ 499:
| publisher = Oracle Corporation
| ___location = Redwood Shores, California
| url = http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380
| accessdate = 2013-09-09
| quote = Oracle Database 12c is a next-generation database [...] providing a new multitenant architecture on top of a fast, scalable, reliable, and secure database platform.
Line 516 ⟶ 510:
| first1 = Emre
| title = Oracle Data Guard 11gR2 Administration Beginner's Guide
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bnx9_MkBimcC
| publisher = Packt Publishing Ltd
| publication-date = 2013
Line 529 ⟶ 523:
 
===Version numbering===
Oracle products follow a custom release numbering and naming convention. With the Oracle RDBMS 10''g'' release, Oracle Corporation began using the "10''g''" label in all versions of its major products, although some sources refer to Oracle Applications Release 11''i'' as Oracle 11''i''.{{Clarify|date=August 2011}} The suffixes "i", "g" and "c" do not actually represent a low-order part of the version number, as letters typically represent in software industry version numbering; that is, there is no predecessor version of Oracle 10''g'' called Oracle 10''f''. Instead, the letters stand for "internet", "grid" and "cloud", respectively.<ref name="theregister.co.uk%252Eco%252Euk">theregister.co.uk: [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/20/oracle_openworld_preview_q1_f2012_numbers/ Oracle gears up for infrastructure cloud and 12c database launches • The Register]</ref> Consequently many simply drop the "g" or "i" suffix when referring to specific versions of an Oracle product.
 
Major database-related products and some of their versions include:
Line 566 ⟶ 560:
Over and above the different versions of the Oracle database management software developed over time, Oracle Corporation subdivides its product into varying "editions" - apparently for marketing and license-tracking reasons. (Do not confuse the marketing "editions" with the internal virtual versioning "editions" introduced with Oracle 11.2).<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/pdf/edition_based_redefinition.pdf
| title = Edition-Based Redefinition
| first = Bryn
Line 586 ⟶ 580:
* Standard Edition One,<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/database/std_one.html Standard Edition One]</ref> (SE1<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12391/1/MPRA_paper_12391.pdf
| title = Technologies solutions and Oracle instruments used in the accomplishment of executive informatics systems (EIS)
| first = Vatuiu
Line 601 ⟶ 595:
* Express Edition<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/xe/index.html
| title = Oracle Database 10''g'' Express Edition
| work = Oracle Technology Network
Line 610 ⟶ 604:
</ref> ("Oracle Database XE")
** The first Express Edition, introduced in 2005, offered Oracle 10''g'' free to distribute on Windows and Linux platforms. It had a footprint of only 150 MB, had a limitation to a maximum of 4 GB of user data<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.georeference.org/doc/oracle_express_edition.htm
|title = Oracle Express Edition
|accessdate = 2013-02-21
|quote = [...] this topic uses Oracle® 10g Express Edition. [...] User data cannot exceed 4 gigabytes in size (in addition to Oracle system data).
}}</ref> and could use only a single CPU. Although it could install on a server with any amount of memory, it used a maximum of 1 GB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/xe/pdf/dbxe_faq.pdf |title=Oracle Data Sheet |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> Support for this version came exclusively through on-line forums and not through Oracle support.
** Oracle 11g Express Edition, released by Oracle Corporation on 24 September 2011,<ref>
{{cite book
Line 620 ⟶ 614:
| first = Richard
| title = Oracle Database 11g Release 2 Performance Tuning Tips & Techniques
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=9gZ2eze4190C
| accessdate = 2013-02-20
| series = Osborne [[Oracle Press]]
Line 635 ⟶ 629:
| last = Kanaracus
| authorlink =
| url = http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215470/Oracle_releases_beta_for_Express_Edition_of_11g_database
| newspaper = Computerworld
| publisher = Computerworld Inc.
Line 652 ⟶ 646:
| title = Oracle APEX und Oracle XE in der Praxis
| trans_title = Oracle APEX and Oracle XE in practice
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jXaEiICWcCUC
| language = German
| publisher = Hüthig Jehle Rehm
Line 662 ⟶ 656:
}}
</ref>
* Oracle Database Lite,<ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | title = Oracle Database Lite 10''g'' | url = http://www.oracle.com/database/lite_edition.html | archiveurl = | work = oracle.com | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | page = | pages = | doi = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-06-23 | quote = [...] for developing, deploying and managing applications for mobile and embedded environments. }}</ref> intended for running on [[mobile device]]s. The embedded<ref>
{{cite book
|first1= Rick
Line 674 ⟶ 668:
|author3-link=
|title= Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 11g
|url= http://books.google.com/?id=EmvWP1vgTsYC
|accessdate= 2010-06-08
|edition= 4
Line 703 ⟶ 697:
* [[HP-UX]] [[PA-RISC]] (64-bit)
* [[AIX]] ([[PPC64]])
* [[OpenVMS]] ([[IA64]]) <ref>{{cite web | url = http://de.openvms.org/TUD2012/Oracle_Database_on_VMS_and_Rdb_Product_Update-Public.pdf | title = Oracle Rdb and Oracle Database on OpenVMS Product Update | publisher = Kevin Duffy, Senior Director of Software Development, Oracle Corporation | accessdate = November 2012 }}</ref>
 
In 2011, Oracle Corporation announced the availability of Oracle Database Appliance, a pre-built, pre-tuned, highly available clustered database server built using two SunFire X86 servers and direct attached storage.
Line 710 ⟶ 704:
Hybrid Columnar Compression for more efficient storage.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/storage/nas/hybrid-columnar-compression-ds-1405370.pdf
|title = Hybrid Columnar Compression And Oracle Storage
|last1 = Martin
Line 728 ⟶ 722:
* Oracle Database Firewall<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.oracle.com/secerno/index.html
| title = Oracle and Secerno
| year = 2010
Line 737 ⟶ 731:
</ref> analyzes database traffic on a network to prevent threats such as [[SQL injection]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-firewall/overview/index.html
| title = Oracle Database Fiorewall: Frequently Asked Questions
| work = Oracle Technology Network
Line 756 ⟶ 750:
|author2=Charles Kim
| title = Oracle database 11g: new features for DBAs and developers
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=14ZH0eZV6G8C
| accessdate = 2011-05-10
| series = Expert's voice in Oracle
Line 779 ⟶ 773:
|author2=Rama Velpuri
| title = Oracle9i for Windows handbook
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=L8K5BAt7kzcC
| accessdate = 2011-01-26
| edition = 2
Line 792 ⟶ 786:
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B14099_19/manage.1012/b16241/Management_Pack_Access.htm
| title = Oracle Database Change Management Pack
| first = Phil
Line 806 ⟶ 800:
* [[Oracle Application Express]], a no-cost environment for database-oriented software-development<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://apex.oracle.com/i/index.html
|title = Oracle Application Express 4.1
|work = apex.oracle.com
Line 817 ⟶ 811:
* Oracle Multitenant - a container database holding pluggable databases (PDBs) (from 12c)<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/multitenant/overview/index.html
|title = Oracle Multitenant
|publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]]
Line 826 ⟶ 820:
* [http://www.oracle.com/solutions/business_intelligence/olap.html Oracle OLAP] (adds [[Online analytical processing|analytical processing]])
* Oracle Programmer (provides programmatic access to Oracle databases via [[precompiler]]s, interfaces and [[language binding|bindings]])<ref>See download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/options.htm#CIHBDGAD</ref>
* [[Oracle Real Application Testing]] (new at version 11''g'')—including Database Replay (for testing workloads) and SQL Performance Analyzer (SPA) (for preserving SQL efficiency in changing environments)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/manageability/database/pdf/wp07/owp_real_application_testing_11g.pdf | title= Real Application Testing Overview | accessdate= 2008-05-19 |date=August 2007 | publisher= Oracle Corporation }}</ref>
* [[Oracle Spatial]] and Graph (includes 2D,3D and Raster geospatial data types, indexes, and spatial analytics and data models used in business applications and [[geographic information systems]] (GIS)) as well as World Wide Web Consortium [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF) graph management and analysis
* [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/enterprise-edition/index-098492.html Oracle Text] (standard SQL to index, search, and analyze text and documents stored in the Oracle database) <ref>{{cite web | url = http://shaharear.blogspot.com | title = installation of Oracle Text on 10g | accessdate = 2011-12-08 | author = | last = Shaharear | first = Mohammad Hasan | authorlink = |author2=et al. |date= December 2008 | work = installation of Oracle Text on 10gref>
| publisher = [[Mohammad Hasan Shaharear]] | ___location = | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | dateformat = | quote = installation of Oracle Text on 10g }}</ref>
* [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/xmldb/index.html Oracle XML DB], a no-cost component in each edition of the database that provides high-performance technology for storing and retrieving native XML
* [[Oracle Warehouse Builder]] (in various forms and sub-options)
Line 840 ⟶ 833:
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
 
In most cases, using these options entails extra licensing costs.<ref>See "Term licenses" at http://oraclestore.oracle.com/ for various markets/countries.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Licensing Of Oracle Technology Products|url=http://omtco.eu/references/oracle/the-licensing-of-oracle-technology-products-compliance-metrics-licensing-restrictions/|publisher=OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref>
 
===Suites===
Line 849 ⟶ 842:
* [[Oracle E-Business Suite]] collects together applications for [[enterprise resource planning]] (including [[Oracle Financials]]), [[customer relationship management]] and [[human resources]] management ([[Oracle HR]]).
* [[Oracle Enterprise Manager]] (OEM) used by [[database administrator]]s (DBAs) to manage the DBMS, and {{As of|2007|alt= recently}} in version 10''g'', a web-based rewrite of OEM called "Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control". Oracle Corporation has dubbed the super-Enterprise-Manager used to manage a grid of multiple DBMS and Application Servers "Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control".
* Oracle Programmer/2000, a bundling of interfaces for [[Third-generation programming language|3GL programming languages]], marketed with Oracle7 and Oracle8.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.alise.lv/ALISE/mrktinfo.nsf/6022a43db1063796c22566de00392130/420e0389f8672386c225645e00344ecb/$FILE/Oracle%20Programmer%202000%20data%20sheet%20Feb97.pdf | title = Oracle Programmer/2000 | accessdate = 2009-02-25 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | format = PDF | work = | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | dateformat = | quote = Oracle Programmer/2000 is a suite of programmatic interfaces that allows you to access and manipulate Oracle7 data and schemas. Programmer/2000 provides a rich set of interfaces and supports many programming languages, allowing the programmer to use the programming language and the programming paradigm of choice. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/A58617_01/server.804/a53717/ch1.htm#index0015 | title = Other Ways of Working with Oracle | accessdate = 2009-02-25 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | work = | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | dateformat = | quote = Programmer/2000[:] a set of 3GL programming language interfaces }}
</ref>
* [[Oracle WebCenter]] Suite<ref>
Line 857 ⟶ 850:
|author2=Peter Moskovits |author3=Philipp Weckerle
| title = Oracle WebCenter 11g Handbook: Build Rich, Customizable Enterprise 2.0 Applications
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=mjiiLhfQ4s8C
| accessdate = 2011-05-09
| series = Osborne ORACLE Press Series
Line 873 ⟶ 866:
Apart from the clearly defined database options, Oracle databases may include many semi-autonomous software sub-systems, which Oracle Corporation sometimes refers to as "features" in a sense subtly different from the normal usage of the word. For example, [[Oracle Data Guard]] counts officially as a "feature", but the command-stack within SQL*Plus, though a usability feature, does not appear in the list of "features" in [http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/license.102/b14199/editions.htm#CJACGHEB Oracle's list].{{Or|date=December 2009}} Such "features" may include (for example):
 
* Active Session History (ASH), the collection of data for immediate monitoring of very recent database activity.<ref>{{cite book | last= Alapati | first= Sam R. | authorlink = | title= Expert Oracle database 10g administration | url= http://books.google.com/?id=xxx0KAwY_ZMC&pg=PA845&lpg=PA845&dq=ASH++Active+Session+History | accessdate= 2009-05-25 | edition = | series = | volume = | origyear = | year= 2005 | publisher= Apress | ___location = | language = | isbn= 978-1-59059-451-3 | oclc = | doi = | bibcode = | id = | page= 845 | nopp = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote= ... ASH records very recent session activity (within the last five or ten minutes). | ref = | laysummary = | laydate = | separator = | postscript = | lastauthoramp= }}</ref>
* [http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/10gdba/week6_10gdba.html Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)], providing monitoring services to Oracle database installations from Oracle version 10. Prior to the release of Oracle version 10, the Statspack facility<ref>
{{cite journal
Line 885 ⟶ 878:
| volume = 3
| pages = 371–381
| url = http://google.com/scholar?q=cache:uPdNes3VcSAJ:scholar.google.com/
| accessdate = 2010-02-05
| quote = Statspack utility consists of a set of Programming Language/Structured Query Language (PL/SQL) scripts, executed against the database to gather, store data and metrics, and generate reports database activity reports
Line 894 ⟶ 887:
* [http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/DataGuardOverview.html Data Guard] for [[high availability]]
* [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oracle9i/datasheets/gateways/gateway_rel2_ds.html Generic Connectivity] for connecting to non-Oracle systems.
* Data Pump utilities, which aid in importing and exporting data and metadata between databases<ref>{{cite web|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28319/dp_overview.htm#SUTIL100 |title=Overview of Oracle Data Pump |publisher=Download.oracle.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref>
* SQL*Loader, utility that facilitates high performance data loading.
* Database Resource Manager (DRM), which controls the use of computing resources.<ref>{{cite book | last= Greenwald | first= Rick | authorlink = |author2=Robert Stackowiak |author3=Jonathan Stern | editor = | others = | title=Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 11g | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | accessdate = | edition = | series = | volume = |date= November 2007 | publisher= O'Reilly | ___location = | language = | isbn= 978-0-596-51454-9 | oclc = | doi = | id = | page= 184 | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote= The Database Resource Manager (DRM) was first introduced in Oracle 8''i'' [...] to place limits on the amount of computer resources that can be used [...] | ref= }}</ref>
Line 908 ⟶ 901:
| editor = Don Burleson
| title = Oracle Database 10g New Features: Oracle 10g Reference for Advanced Tuning & Administration
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ufz5-hXw2_UC
| accessdate = 2011-11-16
| series = Oracle In-Focus series
Line 919 ⟶ 912:
}}
</ref>
* Fine-grained auditing (FGA) (in Oracle Enterprise Edition)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/editions.htm#CJACGHEB | title= Feature Availability by Edition | accessdate= 2008-08-19 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = |date= May 2008 | work= Oracle Database Licensing Information 11g Release 1 (11.1) Part Number B28287-08 | publisher= Oracle Corporation | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote= }}</ref> supplements standard security-auditing features<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/10gdba/week10_10gdba.html | title= Auditing Tells All | accessdate= 2008-08-19 | last= Nanda | first= Arup | authorlink = | work= Oracle Database 10g: The Top 20 Features for DBAs | publisher= Oracle Corporation | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote= ...the standard audit (available in all versions) and the fine-grained audit (available in Oracle 9''i'' and up ... }}</ref>
* [[Oracle Flashback|Flashback]] for selective data recovery and reconstruction<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/Flashback_Overview.htm Oracle.com]</ref>
* [http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/sql_plus/index.html iSQL*Plus], a web-browser-based [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) for Oracle database [[Data Manipulation Language|data-manipulation]] (compare SQL*Plus)
* Oracle Data Access Components (ODAC), tools that consist of:<ref>
{{cite web | title = Oracle Product Accessibility Status: Database Server Enterprise Edition | url = http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/templates/t1286.html | archiveurl = | work = | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = 2 June 2008 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-04-14 }}
</ref>
** Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET)<ref>{{cite web | title = Oracle Data Provider for .NET | url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/windows/odpnet/index.html | archiveurl = | work = | publisher = Oracle Corporation | ___location = | doi = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-05-07 | quote = The Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET) features optimized [[ADO.NET]] data access to the Oracle database. }}</ref>
** Oracle Developer Tools (ODT) for Visual Studio
** Oracle Providers for ASP.NET
Line 935 ⟶ 928:
* [[Oracle Multimedia]] (known as "Oracle ''inter''Media" before Oracle 11g) for storing and integrating multimedia data within a database<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/multimedia/overview/index.html
|title = Oracle Multimedia
|website = www.oracle.com
Line 957 ⟶ 950:
| last4 = Bhuller
| title = Achieving Extreme Performance with Oracle Exadata
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HFJzNfWonPQC
| accessdate = 2011-10-12
| series = Osborne ORACLE Press Series
Line 971 ⟶ 964:
"Virtual Private Database" appears listed as a feature available as part of Oracle Enterprise Edition in:
{{cite web
| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/license.112/e10594/editions.htm
| title = Feature Availability by Edition
| author = Manmeet Ahluwalia
Line 997 ⟶ 990:
| publication-place = Lahore
| publisher = Lahore University of Management Sciences
| url = http://www.iceg.net/2006/download/E-Governance.pdf
| accessdate = 2010-02-09
| quote = Oracle's Virtual Private Database (VPD) [...] is a practically implemented model for fine-grained access control wherein one or more security policies are attached to each table and view in the database. These polices are sets of functions coded in PL/SQL, C or Java. A user query that accesses a table or view having a security policy, is dynamically and transparently modified by appending a predicate. This predicate is returned by the policy function for the relation/view and is a function of the user who has fired the query. A secure application context is created for each user at log in.
Line 1,023 ⟶ 1,016:
| editor2-first = Brian
| title = Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=75KT6GdcWbYC
| accessdate = 2013-02-20
| series = IGI Global research collection
Line 1,042 ⟶ 1,035:
| first2 = Julian
| title = Pro Oracle Database 10g RAC on Linux: Installation, Administration, and Performance
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1iidwz4m2uwC
| series = Expert's Voice in Oracle
| publisher = Apress
Line 1,057 ⟶ 1,050:
| first1 = Robert
| title = Oracle Database 10g New Features
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Ev1MKZo8Wq0C
| series = Osborne ORACLE Press Series
| publisher = McGraw Hill Professional
Line 1,074 ⟶ 1,067:
| others = et al.
| title = Oracle Database Java Developer's Guide: 10g Release 2 (10.2)
| url = http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/java.102/b14187/chten.htm
| accessdate = 2013-07-29
|date=August 2006
Line 1,095 ⟶ 1,088:
| last3 = Lopuz
| title = Linux Recipes for Oracle DBAs
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oqmW4BwSteoC
| accessdate = 2011-12-05
| series = Apress Series
Line 1,112 ⟶ 1,105:
| first1 = Stelios
| title = Oracle SQL Tuning with Oracle SQLTXPLAIN
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1t_xdN6qivEC
| accessdate = 2013-06-17
| year = 2013
Line 1,131 ⟶ 1,124:
* Oracle NoSQL Database, a scalable, distributed key-value [[NoSQL]] database<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Oracle-to-Boost-Data-Management-With-Endeca-Buy-517167/
|title = Oracle to Boost Data Management With Endeca Buy
|first = Darryl K
Line 1,156 ⟶ 1,149:
| first3 = Arup
| title = RMAN Recipes for Oracle Database 12c: A Problem-Solution Approach
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QUEkAAAAQBAJ
| series = Expert's voice in Oracle
| publisher = Apress
Line 1,168 ⟶ 1,161:
web site - known as "MetaLink" until a re-branding exercise completed in October 2010. The support site provides users of Oracle Corporation products with a repository of reported problems, diagnostic scripts and solutions. It also integrates with the provision of support tools, patches and upgrades.
 
The ''Remote Diagnostic Agent'' or ''RDA''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/global/tr/support/051006_ADVANCEDMETALINK_CUSTOMER.pdf |title=Advanced MetaLink |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> can operate as a command-line diagnostic tool executing a script. The data captured provides an overview of the Oracle Database environment intended for diagnostic and trouble-shooting. Within RDA, the ''HCVE'' (Health Check Validation Engine)<ref>{{cite web | first = Stephen | last = Rea | author = | authorlink = | title = Upgrading Oracle 9.2.0.6 to 10.2.0.3 on AIX 5.2 | url = http://www.uaex.edu/srea/10gR2_upgrade.txt | work = | publisher = University of Arkansas | ___location = | doi = | date = 16 September 2008 | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-08-11 | quote = Run the PreInstall checklist for Oracle 10.2.0 (Metalink Note 250262.1: RDA 4 - Health Check / Validation Engine Guide): The Health Check Validation Engine (HCVE) rule set for Oracle Database 10''g'' R2 (10.2.0) PreInstall (AIX) is described in: [https://metalink.oracle.com/metalink/plsql/docs/HCVE_A201DB10R2_aix.htm Oracle.com] }}
</ref> can verify and isolate host system environmental issues that may affect the performance of Oracle software.
 
===Database-related guidelines===
Oracle Corporation also endorses certain practices and conventions as enhancing the use of its database products. These include:
* Oracle Maximum Availability Architecture (MAA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Oracle+Maximum+Availability+Architecture.html |title=oracle maximum availability architecture News and Other Resources &#124; TechRepublic |publisher=Search.techrepublic.com.com |accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref> guidelines on developing high-availability systems
* [[Optimal Flexible Architecture]] (OFA), blueprints for mapping Oracle-database objects to file-systems
 
Line 1,187 ⟶ 1,180:
===User groups===
A variety of official (Oracle-sponsored) and unofficial [[Oracle User Group]]s has grown up of users and developers of Oracle databases. They include:
* Geographical/regional user groups<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morganslibrary.org/usergrps.html |title=Oracle Users Group Groups |publisher=Morganslibrary.org |accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref>
* [[Independent Oracle Users Group]]
* Industry-centric user groups
Line 1,213 ⟶ 1,206:
|first= David C.
|title= Oracle DBA Pocket Guide
|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=4FB1pZetQ-IC
|accessdate= 2010-08-10
|series= Pocket References Series
Line 1,225 ⟶ 1,218:
</ref>
 
; Enterprise Edition (DB EE): {{As of|2010|alt=As of July 2010}}, the database that costs the most per machine-processor among Oracle database editions, at $47,500 per processor. The term "per processor" for Enterprise Edition is defined with respect to physical cores and a processor core multiplier (common processors = 0.5*cores). e.g. An 8-processor, 32-core server using Intel Xeon 56XX CPUs would require 16 processor licenses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Technology Global Price List|url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/pricing/technology-price-list.pdf|publisher=Oracle Corporation |date=2010-06-14 |accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Processor Core Factor Table|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/contracts/processor-core-factor-table-070634.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>
; Standard Edition (DB SE): Cheaper: it can run on up to four processors but has fewer features than Enterprise Edition—it lacks proper parallelization,<ref>Oracle Database Licensing Information [http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/editions.htm#BABDJGGI Database Editions]</ref> etc.; but remains quite suitable for running medium-sized applications. There are not additional cost for Oracle RAC on the latest Oracle 11g R2 standard edition release.
; Standard ONE (DB SE1 or DB SEO): Sells even more cheaply, but remains limited to two CPUs. Standard Edition ONE sells on a per-seat basis with a five-user minimum. Oracle Corporation usually sells the licenses with an extra 22% cost for support and upgrades (access to My Oracle Support—Oracle Corporation's support site), which customers must renew annually.
; Oracle Express Edition (DB XE) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/express-edition/overview/index.html |title=overview |publisher=Oracle.com |accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref> (Oracle XE): An addition to the Oracle database product family ([[development stage#Beta|beta]] version released in 2005, production version released in February 2006), offers a free version of the Oracle RDBMS, but one limited to 11 GB of user data and to 1 GB of memory used by the database (SGA+PGA).<ref>[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E17781_01/install.112/e18802/toc.htm#BABIECJA Licensing Restrictions]</ref> XE will use no more than one CPU and lacks an internal [[Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]. XE runs only on 32-bit Windows and 64-bit Linux, but not on AIX, Solaris, HP-UX and the other operating systems available for other editions. Support is via a free [https://forums.oracle.com/forums/forum.jspa?forumID=251&start=0 Oracle Discussion Forum] only.
 
As computers running Oracle often have many [[multi-core processor]]s (resulting in many cores, all to be licensed), the software price can rise into the hundreds of thousands of dollars. The [[total cost of ownership]] often exceeds this, as large Oracle installations usually require experienced and trained [[database administrator]]s to do the set-up properly. Furthermore, further components must be licensed and paid for, for instance the Enterprise Options used with the databases. Many licensing pitfalls let even rise the costs of ownership.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 60 Licensing Pitfalls for Oracle Databases and Oracle Technology Products|url=http://omtco.eu/references/oracle/top-60-licensing-pitfalls-for-oracle-databases-and-oracle-technology-products/|publisher=OMTCO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH|accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> Because of the product's large installed base and available training courses, Oracle specialists in some areas have become a more abundant resource than those for more exotic databases. Oracle frequently provides special training offers for database-administrators.
 
On Linux, Oracle's ''certified configurations'' include Oracle's own [[Oracle Linux]] and other commercial [[Linux distributions]] ([[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] 3, 4 and 5, [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|SuSE SLES]] 8, 9, 10 and 11, [[Asianux]]), which can cost in a range from a few hundred to a few thousand USD per year (depending on processor architecture and the support package purchased).
 
The Oracle database system can also install and run on freely available Linux distributions such as the Red Hat-based CentOS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.oracle.com/page/Installing+Oracle+on+CentOS |title=Installation centos; official Oracle Wiki |publisher=Wiki.oracle.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> or Debian-based systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.oracle.com/page/Installing+Oracle+on+Debian+%2F+Kubuntu+%2F+Ubuntu |title=Installation on Debian-based systems; official Oracle Wiki |publisher=Wiki.oracle.com |accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
Line 1,251 ⟶ 1,244:
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | first = Kevin | last = Loney | date = 17 December 2008 | title = Oracle Database 11g The Complete Reference | edition = 1st | publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] | page = 1368 | isbn = 0-07-159875-8 | url = http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=0071598758 | accessdate = 2009-09-05 | postscript = <!--None--> }}
{{refend}}
 
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database"