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During the [[Cold War]], Soviet Jews were presumed a security liability or possible traitors. Some were arrested or otherwise punished for daring to express a desire to leave the country for [[the West]], thus confirming suspicions of disloyalty. To apply for exit visa, the entire family had to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of [[social parasitism]], a criminal offence.
One of the founders (in [[1976]]) and the spokesman of the [[refusenik]] movement in Moscow [[
Both [[ultra-Orthodox Jews]] who were desiring to emigrate on religious grounds and relatively secular Jews desired to escape an undercurrent of the state-sponsored [[anti-Semitism]]. Also, large numbers of [[Volga German]]s attempted to leave for [[Germany]], [[Armenian]]s to join their [[diaspora]], [[Evangelical]] [[Christian]]s, [[Roman Catholic]]s, and other ethnic and religious groups tried to escape persecutions or desired to seek a better life.
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