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Line 9: IBM, HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of utility computing, with their business units and researchers working on the architecture, payment and development challenges of the new computing model. Google, Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008, as they established their own utility services for computing, storage and applications. Utility ~~Computing~~computing can support grid computing which has the characteristic of very large computations or a sudden peaks in demand which are supported via a large number of computers. "Utility computing" has usually envisioned some form of [[Platform virtualization\|virtualization]] so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single [[time-sharing]] computer. Multiple servers are used on the "back end" to make this possible. These might be a dedicated [[computer cluster]] specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized [[supercomputer]]. The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as [[distributed computing]].

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