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=== NIST workshop on Information Management Directions ===
The fifth Information Management Directions workshop focused on integration and productivity in [[information management]]. Five working groups considered specific aspects of the integration of knowledge, [[data management]], systems planning, development and maintenance, computing environments, architectures and standards. Participants came from academia, industry, government and consulting firms. Among the 72 participants were [[Tom DeMarco]], [[Ahmed K. Elmagarmid]], Elizabeth N. Fong, Andrew U. Frank,<ref>[http://www.geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at/staff/index.php?Current_Staff:Frank%2C_Andrew_U. Frank, Andrew U.] Research Group Geoinformation, Vienna. Accessed JUly 15, 2013.</ref> Robert E. Fulton,<ref>David Terraso (2004) "[http://www.whistle.gatech.edu/archives/04/mar/01/fultonobit.shtml Robert Fulton, 72, dies: Engineering professor and county commissioner]". at whistle.gatech.edu</ref> Alan H. Goldfine,<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goldfine:Alan_H= Alan H. Goldfine] at [[DBLP]].</ref> [[Dale L. Goodhue]],<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodhue:Dale.html Dale Goodhue] at [[DBLP]].</ref> [[Richard J. Mayer]], [[Shamkant Navathe]], [[T. William Olle]], [[W. Bradford Rigdon]], Judith A. Quillard, Stanley Y. W. Su,<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/s/Su:Stanley_Y=_W= Stanley Y. W. Su] at [[DBLP]].</ref> and [[John Zachman]].
Tom DeMarco delivered the keynote speech, claiming that standards do more harm than good when they work against the prevailing culture, and that the essence of standardization is discovery, not innovation.<ref>Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. ix)</ref> The five working groups met to discuss different aspects of integration:
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In the third working group on systems planning was chaired by [[John Zachman]], and adopted the [[Zachman Framework]] as a basis for discussion.
[[File:NIST AE model 1989.jpg|thumb|Model of Enterprise Architecture, 1989]]
The fifth working group on architectures and standards was chaired [[W. Bradford Rigdon]] of the McDonnell Douglas Information Systems Company (MDISC), a division of [[McDonnell Douglas]]. Rigdon et al. (1989) <ref name="WBR 1989" >[[W. Bradford Rigdon]] (1989) "Architectures and Standards". In: ''Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge''. E.N. Fong and A.H. Goldfine (eds.). NIST Sept 1989. p. 135-150</ref> explained that discussions about architecture in that time mostly focus on technology concerns. Their aim was to "takes a broader view, and describes the need for an ''enterprise architecture'' that includes an emphasis on business and information requirements. These higher level issues impact data and technology architectures and decisions."<ref name="Rigdon">Rigdon (1989), p. 136</ref> In order to do so, the working group addressed three issues:<ref>Fong and Goldfine (1989, p. 136)</ref>
* The levels of architecture in an enterprise
* Problems addressed by architecture
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