Encoding specificity principle: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:52, 13 November 2014

Revision as of 07:56, 5 May 2015

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==Specific Results==

===The Role of Semantics===

[[Semantics]] do not always play a role in encoding specificity; memory, rather, depends upon the context at encoding and retrieval.<ref name="Semantics revisited" /> Early research has shown that semantically related cues should be effective in retrieving a word provided the semantic cue was encoded along with the target word. If the semantically related word is not present at the time of encoding, it will not be efficient at cuing recall for the target word.<ref name="Semantic Interpretation">{{cite journal|last=Reder|first=Lynne|author2=John Anderson |author3=Robert Bjork |title=A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|year=1974|volume=102|issue=4|pages=648–656|doi=10.1037/h0036115}}</ref>

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===The Diagnosis of Disease===

Patients with [[Alzheimer’sAlzheimer's Disease]] (AD) are unable to effectively process the semantic relationship between two words at encoding to assist in the retrieval process.<ref name="Alzheimer's granholm">{{cite journal|last=Granholm|first=Eric|author2=Nelson Butters|title=Associative encoding and retrieval in Alzheimer's and Huntington's Disease|journal=Brain and Cognition|year=1988|volume=7|pages=335–347|doi=10.1016/0278-2626(88)90007-3}}</ref> The general population benefits equally from a weakly related cue word as from a strongly related cue word during a recall task, provided the weakly related word was present at encoding. Patients with AD, however, were unable to benefit from the weakly related cue even if it was present at both encoding and retrieval.<ref name="Alzheimer's granholm" /> Instead of relying upon semantic encoding, those with AD presented their most dominant associations to the cue words during recall test. This explains why all AD patients performed well when two strong words were matched together but very poorly when a strong and weak pairs were presented during recall(10). Deficits in episodic memory are now widely accepted as a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer’sAlzheimer's disease.<ref name="Alzheimers RI-48" />

===Alcohol===