Streamline Moderno: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 19:40, 28 apr 2014

Versione delle 16:21, 2 giu 2014

Riga 1:

{{F|architettura|novembre 2011}}

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[[File:San Juan, PR 05.jpg|thumb|Il Normandie Hotel a [[San Juan (Porto Rico)|San Juan]], ispirato all'[[Normandie (transatlantico)|omonimo transatlantico]]]]

Riga 9 ⟶ 8:

== Caratteristiche ==

* Orientazione orizzontale;

* Angoli arrotondati;

* Finestre ad angolo;

* Uso di [[vetrocemento]];

* Uso di finestre [[oblò]];

* Pareti lisce;

* Tetti piatti;

* Onde o linee disegnate sulle pareti;

* Colori tenui: predominio di colori tipo terra, bianco opaco, o beige, come base e colori scuri o metallici nelle decorazioni per contrastare.

<!-- Da tradurre: == Background ==

[[File:Gdynia- Dom Żeglarza Polskiego (4).JPG|thumb|Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937]]

[[File:Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana.jpg|thumb|right|Club Moderne, [[Anaconda, Montana]]]]

[[Image:SFMaritimeMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|''Bathers' Building'', now the [[San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park#Maritime Museum|Maritime Museum]] (1937) in San Francisco's [[Aquatic Park Historic District|Aquatic Park]], evokes a streamlined double&ndash;ended [[ferry]]boat]]

[[Image:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|Star Ferry Pier in TST, Hong Kong]]

[[Image:Clock Tower, Star Ferry Pier in Central.jpg|thumb|right|Former Star Ferry Pier in Hong Kong, now demolished]]

[[File:Knapps_Building.jpg|thumb|right|J.W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, MI]]

[[File:HamiltonHydroElectric.JPG|thumb|right|Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario]]

As the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of [[Art Deco]]—i.e., streamlining, a concept first conceived by [[industrial design]]<nowiki/>ers who stripped [[Art Deco]] design of its ornament in favor of the aerodynamic pure-line concept of motion and speed developed from scientific thinking. Cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing also may be influenced by [[constructivist architecture|constructivism]]. As a result an array of designers quickly ultra-modernized and streamlined the designs of everyday objects. Manufacturers of clocks, radios, telephones, cars, furniture, and many other household appliances embraced the concept.

The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the [[SS Normandie|SS ''Normandie'']], fitted out 1933&ndash;35, twelve tall pillars of [[René Lalique|Lalique]] glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The [[Strand Palace Hotel]] foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a [[museum]].

The Streamline Moderne was both a reaction to Art Deco and a reflection of austere economic times; Sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves. Exotic woods and stone were replaced with [[cement]] and [[glass]].

Art Deco and Streamline Moderne were not necessarily opposites. Streamline Moderne buildings with a few Deco elements were not uncommon but the prime movers behind streamline design ([[Raymond Loewy]], [[Walter Dorwin Teague]], [[Gilbert Rohde]], [[Norman Bel Geddes]]) all disliked Art Deco, seeing it as effete and falsely modern—essentially a fraud.

== Characteristics ==

'''Common characteristics of Streamline Moderne and Art Moderne'''

* Horizontal orientation

* Rounded edges, corner windows

* [[Glass brick]] walls

* [[Porthole]] windows

* [[Chrome plating|Chrome]] hardware

* Smooth exterior wall surfaces, usually [[stucco]] (smooth plaster finish)

* Flat roof with coping

* Horizontal grooves or lines in walls

* Subdued colors: base colors were typically light earth tones, off-whites, or beiges; and trim colors were typically dark colors (or bright metals) to contrast from the light base

The [[Normandie Hotel]], which opened during 1942, is built in the stylized shape of the ocean liner SS ''Normandie'', and it includes the ship's original sign. The [[Streamliner#Sterling Streamliner diners|Sterling Streamliner Diners]] were [[diner]]s designed like streamlined trains.

Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, residences do exist. The [[Lydecker House]] in [[Los Angeles]], built by [[Lydecker brothers|Howard Lydecker]], is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were frequently used as a variation in postwar [[Terraced house|row housing]] in San Francisco's [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Sunset District]].

== Industrial design ==

The style was applied to appliances such as electric clocks, sewing machines, small radio receivers and vacuum cleaners. Their manufacturing processes exploited developments in [[materials science]] including [[aluminium]] and [[bakelite]]. Compared to Europe, the United States in the 1930s had a stronger focus on design as a means to increase sales of consumer products. Streamlining was associated with prosperity and an exciting future. This hope resonated with the American middle class, the major market for consumer products. A wide range of goods from refrigerators to pencil sharpeners was produced in streamlined designs.

Streamlining became a widespread design practice for automobiles, [[streamliner|railroad cars]], buses, and other vehicles in the 1930s. Notable automobile examples include the 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow]], the 1950 [[Nash Ambassador]] "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]]'s postwar cars, such as the [[Hudson Commodore| Commodore]], that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=3zhSAAAAMAAJ&q=Nash+Airflyte+Ambassador+sedan+of+1950+is+a+good+example+of+postwar+streamlining+Hudson's+were+distinctive+streamliners+—+ponderous,+massive+automobiles+with+a+style+all+their+own |first=Robert Carroll |last=Reed |title=The streamline era |page=278 |publisher=Golden West Books |year=1975 |isbn= 9780870950537 |accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref>

Streamline style can be contrasted with [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]], which was a leading design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class.<ref>Kjetil Fallan, University of Oslo, in "Aluminium – en kulturhistorie" http://www.apollon.uio.no/vis/art/2010_2/artikler/aluminium</ref> Streamlining and functionalism represent two very different schools in modernistic [[industrial design]], but both reflecting the intended consumer. -->

== Esempi in Architettura ==

Riga 75 ⟶ 113:

* 1949: [[Sault Memorial Gardens]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario]]

* 1949: Varsity Theatre, [[Davis, California]]

* 1954 : [[Ancien Théâtre Municipal de Poitiers|Teatro Municipal di Poitiers]]

== Bibliografia ==

* {{cita libro |lingua = en |autore = Robert Carroll Reed |titolo = The Streamline Era |città = San Marino (California) |editore = Golden West Books |anno = 1975 |ISBN = 97808709505370-87095-053-3}}

* {{cita libro |lingua = en |autore = Richard Longstreth |autore2 = Frank E. Wrenick |curatore = Elaine V. Wrenick |titolo = The Streamline Era Greyhound Terminals: The Architecture of W. S. Arrasmith |edizione = 2 |città = Jefferson (Carolina del Nord) |editore = Mcfarland & Co Inc Pub |giorno = 8 |mese = aprile |anno = 2011 |ISBN = 07864644530-7864-6445-3}}

== Voci correlate ==