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=== Eigenvalue optimization ===
Eigenvalue optimization of isospectral systems has solved by FA and multiple optimum points have been found efficiently.<ref>
=== Nanoelectronic Integrated Circuit and System Design ===
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=== Protein Structure Prediction ===
▲B. Maher, A. Albrecht, M. Loomes, X. S. Yang, K. Steinhofel, A firefly-inspired method for protein structure prediction in lattice models, Biomolucules, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 56-75 (2014).</ref> shows that firefly-based methods can speed up the predictions.
Firefly algorithm can solve two dimensional HP model. In their experiment, they took 14 sequences of different chain lengths from 18 to 100 as the dataset and compared the FA with standard genetic algorithm and immune genetic algorithm. The averaged energy convergence results show that FA achieves the lowest values.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yudong|first1=Zhang|last2=Lenan|first2=Wu|last3=Shuihua|first3=Wang|title=Solving Two-Dimensional HP model by Firefly Algorithm and Simplified Energy Function|journal=Mathematical Problems in Engineering|date=2013|volume=2013|doi=10.1155/2013/398141|url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2013/398141/|pages=1–9}}</ref>
=== Parameter Optimization of SVM ===
Firefly algorithm (FA)is applied to determine the paraemters of MSVR (Multiple-output support vector regression) in interval-valued stock price index forecasting.<ref>
Meanwhile, a firefly algorithm (FA) based memetic algorithm (FA-MA) is proposed to appropriately determine the parameters of SVR forecasting model for electricity load forecasting. In the proposed FA-MA algorithm, the FA algorithm is applied to explore the solution space, and the pattern search is used to conduct individual learning and thus enhance the exploitation of FA.<ref>Zhongyi Hu, Yukun Bao, and Tao Xiong, Electricity Load Forecasting using Support Vector Regression with Memetic Algorithms, The Scientific World Journal, 2014, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/aip/292575/</ref>
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