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=== Protein Structure Prediction ===
Prediction of protein structures is NP-hard, and a recent study by Maher et al.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maher | first1 = B. | last2 = Albrecht | first2 = A. | last3 = Loomes | first3 = M. | last4 = Yang | first4 = X. S. | last5 = Steinhofel | first5 = K. | year = 2014 | title = A firefly-inspired method for protein structure prediction in lattice models | url = | journal = Biomolucules | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 56–75 | doi=10.3390/biom4010056}}</ref> shows that firefly-based methods can speed up the predictions.
Firefly algorithm can solve two dimensional HP model. In their experiment, they took 14 sequences of different chain lengths from 18 to 100 as the dataset and compared the FA with standard genetic algorithm and immune genetic algorithm. The averaged energy convergence results show that FA achieves the lowest values.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yudong|first1=Zhang|last2=Lenan|first2=Wu|last3=Shuihua|first3=Wang|title=Solving Two-Dimensional HP model by Firefly Algorithm and Simplified Energy Function|journal=Mathematical Problems in Engineering|date=2013|volume=2013|doi=10.1155/2013/398141|url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2013/398141/|pages=1–9}}</ref>
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