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The term IMPPACT stood for Integrated Manufacturing of Products and Processes using Advanced Computer Technologies Furthermore in its framework were incorporated [[CIMOSA]] as reference model,<ref>Gielingh & Suhm (1991, p. 10)</ref> [[NIAM]] for information modelling,<ref>Gielingh & Suhm (1991, p. 15)</ref> and the data modeling language [[EXPRESS (data modeling language)|EXPRESS]] for information structure implementation.<ref>Gielingh & Suhm (1991, p. 31)</ref>
Overall in the 1990s business reference models were hardly an item. An exception was a 1991 book about [[IT management]], which mentioned that the [[Kodak]] management had developed a business reference model 10 years earlier.<ref>Gerard H. Gaynor (1991). ''Achieving the Competitive Edge Through Integrated Technology Management''. p. 259.</ref>. And a 1996 manual of the [[SAP R/3]] enterprise resource planning software stipulated the existence on the business reference model of the R/3 System.<ref>Rüdiger Buck-Emden, Jurgen Galimow, SAP AG. (1996). ''SAP R/3 System: A Client/server Technology'' Addison-Wesley.</ref> However, in the 1990s the was a significant development of reference models in related fields, which for example resulted in the developments of [[Integrated business planning]], the [[Open System Environment Reference Model]], the [[Workflow Reference Model]], [[TOGAF]] and the [[Zachman Framework]].
In the new millennium business reference models started emerging in several fields from [[network management system]]s,<ref>Joan Serrat, Alex Galis (2003). ''Deploying and Managing IP Over WDM Networks''. pp. 89-121.</ref>, and [[E-business]],<ref name="MA00"> Daniel A. Menascé, Virgilio A. F. Almeida (2000). ''Scaling for E-business: Technologies, Models, Performance, and Capacity Planning.'' Prentice Hall. ISBN 0130863289</ref> to the US Federal government. The US Federal government published it's "Business Reference Model", Version 1.0 in February 2002.<ref>Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office (2002). ''The Business Reference Model, Version 1.0''.</ref> Related developments in this decade were the development of the [[Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework]], and the [[OASIS SOA Reference Model]].
== Specific models ==
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* [[Business process modeling]]
* [[Enterprise modelling]]
* [[Organizational architecture]]
* [[View model]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
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