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'''Programmed learning''' (or 'programmed instruction') is a research-based system which helps learners work successfully. The method is guided by research done by a variety of applied psychologists and educators.<ref name=Lums>Lumsdaine A.A. 1963. Instruments and media of instruction. In N.L. Gage (ed) ''Handbook of research on teaching''. Chicago: AERA and Rand McNally, 583–682.</ref>
The [[learning material]] is in a kind of [[textbook]] or [[teaching machine]] or [[computer]]. The [[media (communication)|medium]] presents the material in a logical and tested sequence. The text is in small steps or larger chunks. After each step, learners are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct answer is shown. This means the learner at all stages makes responses, and is given immediate [[knowledge of results]].<ref>Margulies S. & Eigen L.D. 1961. ''Applied programmed instruction''. New York: Wiley.</ref><ref name=Sue/>
It is rather interesting that [[Edward L. Thorndike]] wrote in 1912:
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== Programmed learning arrives ==
=== What is programmed learning? ===
If so much research had already been done on learning from films, what exactly did programmed learning add? The short answer is "[[stimulus (psychology)|stimulus]] control", by which is broadly meant the teaching material itself. Also, in programmed learning, a complete system was proposed which included these stages: <ref>Adjusted from Unwin D. 1967. The changing concept of programmed material criteria for categorisation. In Tobin M.J. (ed) ''Problems and methods in programmed learning I''. National Centre for Programmed Learning, Birmingham.</ref><ref>Leith G.O.M. 1966. Survey of programmed learning. ''Visual Education Year Book''. NCAVAE.</ref>
#The aims of the course are stated in terms which are objective, and can be measured.
#A pre-test is given, or the initial behaviour is stated.
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Daily Oral Language and the [[Saxon (teaching method)|Saxon method]], a math programme, are specific implementations of programmed instruction which have an emphasis on repetition.<ref>Jones, Susan J. (2003) ''Blueprint for student success: a guide to research-based teaching practices, K-12'' Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, California, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CTvgSf2H8GQC&pg=PA105 page 105], ISBN 0-7619-4697-7</ref>
Well-known books using programmed learning include the [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]/[[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] text ''The Little Schemer'',<ref>Friedman, Daniel and Felleisen, Matthias (1996) ''The Little Schemer'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-262-56099-2</ref> and ''Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess''.<ref>[[Bobby Fischer|Fischer, Bobby]]; Margulies, Stuart and Mosenfelder, Donn (1966) ''Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess'' Bantam Books, New York, ISBN 0-553-26315-3; and various editions since</ref>
==References ==
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