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The '''Keirsey Temperament Sorter''' (KTS) is a self-assessed [[personality]] questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves and others. It was first introduced in the book ''[[Please Understand Me]]''. It is one of the most widely used personality assessments in the world, and its user base consists of major employers including [[Bank of America]], [[Allstate]], the [[U.S. Air Force]], [[IBM]], [[7-Eleven]], [[Safeco]], [[AT&T]], and [[Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Don’t Just Find a Job That’s Right for the Economy, Find a Job That’s Right for You!|url=http://www.guidetoonlineschools.com/thelearningcurve/personality-tests|publisher=Guide To Online Schools|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> The KTS is closely associated with the [[Myers-Briggs Type Indicator]] (MBTI); however, there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions.

==Four temperaments==

[[David Keirsey]] expanded on the ancient study of temperament by [[Hippocrates]] and [[Plato]]. In his works, Keirsey used the names suggested by Plato: Artisan (iconic), Guardian (pistic), Idealist (noetic), and Rational (dianoetic). Keirsey divided the four temperaments into two categories (roles), each with two types (role variants). The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers.<ref name=understand/>

* '''[[Artisan temperament|Artisans]]''' are concrete and adaptable. Seeking stimulation and virtuosity, they are concerned with making an impact. Their greatest strength is ''tactics''. They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment.<ref name=patterns>{{cite book|author=Montgomery, Stephen | year=2002|title=People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments |page=20|publisher=Archer Publications|edition=1st Ed. |isbn=1-885705-03-4}}</ref> The two roles are as follows:

:* '''Operators''' are the directive (proactive) Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''expediting''. The attentive [[Crafter (role variant)|Crafters]] and the expressive [[Promoter (role variant)|Promoters]] are the two role variants.

:* '''Entertainers''' are the informative (reactive) Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''improvising''. The attentive [[Composer (role variant)|Composers]] and the expressive [[Performer (role variant)|Performers]] are the two role variants.

* '''[[Guardian temperament|Guardians]]''' are concrete and organized. Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is ''logistics''. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. The two roles are as follows:

:* '''Administrators''' are the directive (proactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''regulating''. The attentive [[Inspector (role variant)|Inspectors]] and the expressive [[Supervisor (role variant)|Supervisors]] are the two role variants.

:* '''Conservators''' are the informative (reactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''supporting''. The attentive [[Protector (role variant)|Protectors]] and the expressive [[Provider (role variant)|Providers]] are the two role variants.

* '''[[Idealist temperament|Idealists]]''' are abstract and compassionate. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is ''diplomacy''. They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring. The two roles are as follows:

:* '''Mentors''' are the directive (proactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''developing''. The attentive [[Counselor (role variant)|Counselors]] and the expressive [[Teacher (role variant)|Teachers]] are the two role variants.

:* '''Advocates''' are the informative (reactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''mediating''. The attentive [[Healer (role variant)|Healers]] and the expressive [[Champion (role variant)|Champions]] are the two role variants.

* '''[[Rational temperament|Rationals]]''' are abstract and objective. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is ''strategy''. They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. The two roles are as follows:

:* '''Coordinators''' are the directive (proactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''arranging''. The attentive [[Mastermind (role variant)|Masterminds]] and the expressive [[Fieldmarshal (role variant)|Fieldmarshals]] are the two role variants.

:* '''Engineers''' are the informative (reactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is ''constructing''. The attentive [[Architect (role variant)|Architects]] and the expressive [[Inventor (role variant)|Inventors]] are the two role variants.

==Understanding the sorter descriptions==

Although the descriptions of the individual temperaments and role variants were written as a whole, temperament itself can be understood by comparing it to the rings of a tree:<ref>[http://edgeoforder.org/difference.html Keirsey Temperament versus Myers-Briggs Types]</ref>

*'''The inner ring: abstract versus concrete'''

:According to Keirsey, everyone can engage in both observation and introspection. When people touch objects, watch a basketball game, taste food, or otherwise perceive the world through their senses, they are observant. When people reflect and focus on their internal world, they are introspective. However, individuals cannot engage in observation and introspection at the same time. The extent to which people are more observant or introspective directly affects their behavior.

:People who are generally ''observant'' are more 'down to earth.' They are more concrete in their worldview and tend to focus on practical matters such as food, shelter, and their immediate relationships. Carl Jung used the word [[sensation (psychology)|sensation]] when describing people who prefer concrete perception. People who are generally ''introspective'' are more 'head in the clouds.' They are more abstract in their world view and tend to focus on global or theoretical issues such as equality or engineering. [[Carl Jung]] used the word [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuition]] when describing people who prefer abstract conception.

*'''The second ring: cooperative versus pragmatic (utilitarian)'''

:Keirsey uses the words ''cooperative'' (complying) and ''pragmatic'' (adaptive) when comparing the differing temperaments. People who are cooperative pay more attention to other people's opinions and are more concerned with doing the right thing. People who are pragmatic (utilitarian) pay more attention to their own thoughts or feelings and are more concerned with doing what works. There is no comparable idea of Myers or Jung that corresponds to this dichotomy, so this is a significant difference between Keirsey's work and that of Myers and Jung.

:This ring, in combination with the inner ring, determines a person's temperament. The pragmatic temperaments are [[Rational temperament|Rationals]] (pragmatic and abstract) and [[Artisan temperament|Artisans]] (pragmatic and concrete). The cooperative temperaments are [[Idealist temperament|Idealists]] (cooperative and abstract), and [[Guardian temperament|Guardians]] (cooperative and concrete). Neither Myers nor Jung included the concept of temperament in their work.

*'''The third ring: directive (proactive) versus informative (reactive)'''

:The third ring distinguishes between people who generally communicate by ''informing'' others versus people who generally communicate by ''directing'' others. Each of the four temperaments is subdivided by this distinction for a result of eight roles.

:The directive roles are ''Operators'' (directive Artisans), ''Administrators'' (directive Guardians), ''Mentors'' (directive Idealists), and ''Coordinators'' (directive Rationals). The informative roles are ''Entertainers'' (informative Artisans), ''Conservators'' (informative Guardians), ''Advocates'' (informative Idealists), and ''Engineers'' (informative Rationals).

*'''The fourth ring: expressive versus attentive'''

:The fourth ring describes how people interact with their environment. Individuals who tend to act before observing are described as ''expressive'', whereas people who tend to observe before acting are described as ''attentive''.

Each of the eight categories can be subdivided by this distinction, for a total of 16 role variants. These 16 role variants [[correlate]] to the 16 Myers-Briggs types.

:The expressive role variants are [[Promoter (Role Variant)|Promoters]] (expressive Operators), [[Performer (Role Variant)|Performers]] (expressive Entertainers), [[Supervisor (Role Variant)|Supervisors]] (expressive Administrators), [[Provider (role variant)|Providers]] (expressive Conservators), [[Teacher (Role Variant)|Teachers]] (expressive Mentors), [[Champion (Role Variant)|Champions]] (expressive Advocates), [[Fieldmarshal (Role Variant)|Fieldmarshals]] (expressive Coordinators), and [[Inventor (Role Variant)|Inventors]] (expressive Engineers).

:The attentive role variants are [[Crafter (Role Variant)|Crafters]] (attentive Operators), [[Composer (Role Variant)|Composers]] (attentive Entertainers), [[Inspector (Role Variant)|Inspectors]] (attentive Administrators), [[Protector (role variant)|Protectors]] (attentive Conservators), [[Counselor (Role Variant)|Counselors]] (attentive Mentors), [[Healer (Role Variant)|Healers]] (attentive Advocates), [[Mastermind (Role Variant)|Masterminds]] (attentive Coordinators), and [[Architect (Role Variant)|Architects]] (attentive Engineers).

==Four interaction roles==

In his book ''Brains and Careers'' (2008), Keirsey divided the role variants into groupings that he called "four differing roles that people play in face-to-face interaction with one another." <ref name="keirsey.com">http://www.keirsey.com/brains.aspx</ref>

There are two Proactive Enterprising Roles:

*'''Initiators''' (expressive and directive): Field Marshal (ENTJ), Supervisor (ESTJ), Promoter (ESTP), Teacher (ENFJ)—Preemptive

*'''Contenders''' (attentive and directive): Mastermind (INTJ), Inspector (ISTJ), Crafter (ISTP), Counselor (INFJ)—Competitive

There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles:

*'''Coworkers''' (expressive and informative): Inventor (ENTP), Provider (ESFJ), Performer (ESFP), Champion (ENFP)—Collaborative

*'''Responders''' (attentive and informative): Architect (INTP), Protector (ISFJ), Composer (ISFP), Healer (INFP)—Accommodative

The roles were implied in the informing/directing factor introduced in ''Portraits of Temperament''.<ref name="keirsey.com"/> In his 2010 follow-up book, ''Personology'', "Coworkers" is renamed '''"Collaborators"''', and "Responders" is renamed '''"Accomodators"'''