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The effect of seizures on memory are often categorized with respect to their intensity and the cortical areas they affect. Epileptic patients, especially those who suffer from temporal lobe epilepsy, often experience deficits in memory encoding and retrieval, developing anterograde and retrograde amnesia.<ref name=g>Tan, F. (2014) Epilepsy and memory. BC Epilepsy Society, 1-12</ref> At times, if a seizure specifically affects the hippocampus, the individual afflicted can encode memory; however, that memory rapidly extinguishes.<ref name=g />
Accompanying the onset of epilepsies is [[hippocampal sclerosis]], also known as Ammon’s horn sclerosis. Individuals afflicted suffer unilateral volume loss, as evidenced by MRI scans.<ref name=h>Johns, P., Thom, M. (2008) Epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis: cause or effect? Neuropathology Article, 8, 16-18</ref> Hippocampal sclerosis involves neural loss and a selective mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) danger and is likely caused by an overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the surplus signaling of excitatory neurotransmitters.<ref name=h /> The depolarization and calcium overload experienced by overactive receptors signal the expression of cell death pathways.<ref name=h />
===Disease===
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