Impero nomade: differenze tra le versioni

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===Xiongnu===

{{main|Xiongnu}}

[[File:XiongnuMap.png|thumb|Estenzione300px|Estensione della confederazione Xiongnu Confederation, ca. 250 a.C. circa.]]

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The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic tribes from [[Central Asia]] with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes. They lived on the steppes north of [[China]] between the 3rd century and the 460s, their territories including modern day [[Mongolia]], southern [[Siberia]], western [[Manchuria]], and the modern Chinese [[Province of China|provinces]] of [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Gansu]], and [[Xinjiang]]. Relations between early Chinese dynasties and the Xiongnu were complicated and included [[military]] conflict, exchanges of [[tribute]] and trade, and marriage treaties. They were considered so dangerous and disruptive that the [[Qin Dynasty]] ordered the construction of the [[Great Wall]] to protect China from Xiongnu attacks.

I Xiongnu furono una confederazione di [[tribù]] nomadi dell'[[Asia centrale]] guidata da una classe di origini ignote. Essa dimorava nelle steppe a nord della [[Cina]] tra il [[III secolo]] e il [[460]]. Il loro territorio includeva la moderna [[Mongolia]], la [[Siberia]] meridionale, la [[Manciuria]] occidentale, le moderne regioni cinesi della [[Mongolia interna]], del [[Gansu]] e dello [[Xinjiang]]. Le relazioni tra le prime dinastie cinesi e gli Xiongnu furono complesse e compresero conflitti militari, scambi di tributi e pacifici commerci, oltre a trattati matrimoniali. La confederazione era ritenuta talmente pericolosa e distruttiva che la [[dinastia Qin]] ordinò la costruzione della [[Grande Muraglia]] per proteggere la Cina dagli attacchi dei Xiongnu.

===Hunnic Empire===

{{main|Huns}}

[[File:Huns empire.png|right|thumb|The Hunnic Empire, at its height under [[Attila]].]]

===Impero unno===

The [[Huns]] were a confederation of [[Eurasia]]n tribes from the Steppes of [[Central Asia]]. Appearing from beyond the [[Volga]] River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they conquered all of eastern Europe, ending up at the border of the [[Roman Empire]] in the south, and advancing far into modern day [[Germany]] in the north. Their appearance in Europe brought with it great ethnic and political upheaval and may have stimulated the [[Migration period|Great Migration]]. The empire reached its largest size under [[Attila]] between 447 and 453.

{{main|HunsUnni}}

[[File:Huns empire.png|right|thumb|The300px|L'Impero Hunnicunno Empire,al atsuo itsapice heightdurante underil regno di [[Attila]].]]

Gli [[Unni]] furono una confederazione di tribù [[eurasia]]tiche delle steppe dell'[[Asia centrale]]. Apparsi la prima volta al di sopra del corso del fiume [[Volga]] pochi anni dopo la metà del [[IV secolo]], essi conquistarono tutta l'Europa orientale, toccando i limiti dell'[[Impero romano]] a sud e avanzando tanto lontano a nord da toccare la moderna [[Germania]]. La loro comparsa in Europa comportò grandi sconvolgimenti etnico-politici e potrebbe aver stimolato la [[Grande Migrazione]]. L'Impero raggiunse la sua più grande estensione sotto [[Attila]], tra il 447 e il 453.

==Mongolic people and Turkic expansion==

{{see|Turkic expansion|Turkic tribal confederations|Bulgars|Khazars|Eurasian Avars}}

==Popolo mongolo ed espansione turca==

{{main|Espansione turca|Confederazioni tribali turche|Bulgari|Khazari|Avari euroasiatici}}

===Rouran (柔然)===

{{main|Rouran}}

[[File:Rouran500.png|thumb|The300px|Il Canato Rouran Khanate, 500 ca. 500 CE]]

TheI Rouran (柔然), Juan Juan (蠕蠕), oro Ruru (茹茹) werefurono auna confederationconfederazione ofdi Mongolicpopoli speaking[[Mongoli|mongoli]] e tribù parlanti [[[Lingua mongola|Mongolo]]<ref>[[William Montgomery McGovern]] - [http://books.google.de/books/about/The_early_empires_of_Central_Asia.html?id=IMMrAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|The early empires of Central Asia] , p. 421</ref> nomadicdelle tribesaree ondi theconfine northern borders ofdella [[ChinaCina]] fromdal thetardo late[[IV 4thsecolo]] centuryal untiltardo the late[[VI 6th centurysecolo]]. TheyEssi controlled thecontrollavano l'area ofdella [[Mongolia]], fromfino theal confine con la [[ManchuriaManciuria]]n border toa [[Turpan]] ande, perhapsforse, thefino eastalla coastcosta oforientale del [[Lakelago Balkhash]], ande fromdal thefiume [[Orkhon River]] toalla [[China ProperCina]] vera e propria.

===Göktürks===

{{main|Göktürks}}

[[Image:Gokturkut.png|right|thumb|Gökturk [[khagan]]ates at their height, c. 600 CE :

{{Legend|purple|Western Gokturk: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.}}

{{Legend|blue|Eastern Gokturk: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.}}]]

===Göktürk===

{{main|GöktürksGöktürk}}

[[Image:Gokturkut.png|right|thumb|300px|Khaganati Gökturk [[khagan]]atesal atloro their heightapice, c. 600 CE ca.:

{{Legend|porpora|Gokturk occidentali: l'area colorata più chiara era sotto il diretto governo dei Göktürk, le aree colorate più in scuro indicano la loro area d'influenza.}}

{{Legend|blu|Gokturk orientali: l'area colorata più chiara era sotto governo diretto, quella più scura mostra la loro area d'influenza.}}]]

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The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] of ancient [[North Asia|North]] and [[Central Asia]] and northwestern [[China]]. Under the leadership of [[Bumin Khan]] and his sons they established the first known Turkic state around 546, taking the place of the earlier [[Xiongnu]] as the main power in the region. They were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Türk" as a political name. The empire was split into a western and an eastern part around 600, merged again 680, and finally declined after 734.