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Numerical manipulation of Doppler parameters obtain during routine [[Echocardiography]] has been extensively utilized to non-invasively estimate intra-cardiac pressures, in many cases removing the need for invasive cardiac catheterization.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3366997 | volume=11 | title=Prediction of the severity of aortic stenosis by Doppler aortic valve area determination: prospective Doppler-catheterization correlation in 100 patients | year=1988 | journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. | pages=1227–34 | doi=10.1016/0735-1097(88)90286-0}}</ref>
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create real-time anatomic images of the [[heart]] and its structures. [[Doppler echocardiography]] utilizes the Doppler principle to estimate intracardiac velocities. Via the modified [[Bernoulli's principle|Bernoulli equation]], velocity is routinely converted to pressure gradient for use in clinical cardiology decision making.<ref>http://www.wikiecho.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis</ref>
A broad discipline of mathematical modeling of intracardiac velocity parameters for pulmonary circulation and aortic Doppler for [[aortic stenosis]] have been investigated. [[Diastolic heart failure|Diasatolic dysfunction]] algorithms use complex combinations of these numeric models to estimate intra-cardiac filling pressures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Scalia | first1 = Gregory M. | last2 = Greenberg | first2 = Neil L. | last3 = McCarthy | first3 = Patrick M. | last4 = Thomas | first4 = James D. | last5 = Vandervoort | first5 = Pieter M. | year = 1997 | title = Non-Invasive Assessment of the Ventricular Relaxation Time Constant (?) in Humans by Doppler Echocardiography | url = | journal = Circulation | volume = 95 | issue = | pages = 151–5 | doi=10.1161/01.cir.95.1.151}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Scalia | first1 = G.M. | last2 = Burstow | first2 = D.J. | year = 1999 | title = Color M-mode and Doppler-derived tau (?) as practical advances in clinical diastology - the TauCoMM project | url = | journal = Heart, Lung and Circulation | volume = 9 | issue = 3| page = A13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 24054048 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2013.08.001 | volume=26 | title=Measurement of pulmonary pressures and pulmonary resistance: is Doppler ready for prime time? | date=Oct 2013 | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | pages=1178–9}}</ref> Shunt defects have been studied using the [[Relative Atrial Index]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kelly | first1 = Natalie F | last2 = Walters | first2 = Darren | last3 = Hourigan | first3 = Lisa | last4 = Burstow | first4 = Darryl J | last5 = Scalia | first5 = Gregory M | year = 2010 | title = The Relative Atrial Index (RAI) – A Novel, Simple, Reliable and Robust Transthoracic Echocardiographic Indicatory of Atrial Defects | url = | journal = J Am Soc Echocardiogr | volume = 23 | issue = | pages = 275–81 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.014}}</ref>
==See also==
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