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A '''high-level language computer architecture''' (HLLCA) is a [[computer architecture]] designed to be targeted by a specific [[high-level language]], rather than the architecture being dictated by hardware considerations. It is accordingly also termed '''language-directed computer design,''' coined in {{harvtxt|McKeeman|1967}} and primarily used in the 1960s and 1970s. HLLCAs were popular in the 1960s and 1970s, but largely disappeared in the 1980s. This followed the dramatic failure of the [[Intel 432]] (1981) and the emergence of [[optimizing compiler]]s and [[reduced instruction set computing]] (RISC) architecture and RISC-like CISC architectures, and the later development of [[just-in-time compilation]] for HLLs. A detailed survey and critique can be found in {{harvtxt|Ditzel|Patterson|1980}}.
HLLCAs date almost to the beginning of HLLs, in the [[Burroughs large systems]] (1961), which was designed for [[ALGOL 60]] (1960), one of the first HLLs. The most well-known HLLCAs are the [[Lisp machine]]s of the 1970s and 1980s (for [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], 1959). At present the most popular HLLCAs are [[Java processor]]s, for [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (1995), and these are a qualified success, being used for certain applications. A recent architecture in this vein is the [[Heterogeneous System Architecture]] (2012), which HSA Intermediate Layer (HSAIL) provides instruction set support for HLL features such as exceptions and virtual functions; this uses JIT to ensure performance.
==Definition==
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==Examples==
{{see also|Stack machine#Commercial stack machines}}
The [[Burroughs Large Systems]] (1961) were the first HLLCA, designed to support ALGOL (1959), one of the earliest HLLs. This was referred to at the time as "language-directed design". The [[Burroughs Medium Systems]] (1966) were designed to support [[COBOL]] for business applications. The [[Burroughs Small Systems]] (mid-1970s, designed from late 1960s) were designed to support multiple HLLs by a writable [[control store]]. These were all mainframes.
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The [[AT&T Hobbit]] processor, stemming from a design called CRISP (C-language Reduced Instruction Set Processor), was optimized to run [[C (programming language)|C]] code.
In the late 1990s, there were plans by [[Sun Microsystems]] and other companies to build CPUs that directly (or closely) implemented the stack-based [[Java (programming language)|Java]] [[Java Virtual Machine|virtual machine]]. As a result, several [[Java processor]]s have been built and used.
[[Ericsson]] developed ECOMP, a processor designed to run [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]].<ref>http://www.erlang.se/euc/00/processor.ppt</ref> It was never commercially produced.
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{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{
** {{Cite journal | last = Keirstead | first = Ralph E. | date=March 1968 | title = R68-8 Language Directed Computer Design | journal = IEEE Transactions on Computers | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 298 | url = http://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/tc/1968/03/01687335.pdf | doi = 10.1109/TC.1968.229106}} – review
* {{Cite proceedings | last1 = Ditzel | first1 = David R. | last2 = Patterson | first2 = David A. | authorlink2 = David Patterson (computer scientist) | year = 1980 | title = Retrospective on High-Level Language Computer Architecture | conference = ISCA '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual symposium on Computer Architecture | pages = 97–104 | publisher = ACM | doi = 10.1145/800053.801914 | url = http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse548/05wi/files/Ditzel-Retrospective-on-HLL-Computer-Architecture.pdf | accessdate = 2014-11-18 | ref = harv}}
* ''[http://www.tkt.cs.tut.fi/kurssit/3520/K13/CH_3.pdf A Baker’s Dozen: Fallacies and Pitfalls in Processor Design]'' Grant Martin &
{{refend}}
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