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==O(3) non-linear sigma model==
A celebrated example, of particular interest due to its topological properties, is the ''O(3)'' nonlinear {{mvar|σ}}-model in 1 +
:<math>\mathcal L= \tfrac{1}{2}\ \partial^\mu \hat n \cdot\partial_\mu \hat n </math>
where ''n̂''=(''n<sub>1</sub>, n<sub>2</sub>, n<sub>3</sub>'') with the constraint ''n̂''⋅''n̂''=1 and {{mvar|μ}}=1,2.
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