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Niall Shanks and Karl H. Joplin, both of [[East Tennessee State University]], have shown that systems satisfying Behe's characterization of irreducible biochemical complexity can arise naturally and spontaneously as the result of self-organizing chemical processes.<ref name="Redundant Complexity">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/392687 |author=Shanks, Niall; Joplin, Karl H. |title=Redundant Complexity: A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry |journal=Philosophy of Science |year= 1999 |pages= 268–282 |volume= 66 |issue= 2, June |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |jstor=188646}}</ref><!--not working <ref>Niall Shanks and Karl H. Joplin. [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Apologetics/POS6-99ShenksJoplin.html Redundant Complexity:A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry.] East Tennessee State University.</ref>--> They also assert that what evolved biochemical and molecular systems actually exhibit is "redundant complexity"—a kind of complexity that is the product of an evolved biochemical process. They claim that Behe overestimated the significance of irreducible complexity because of his simple, linear view of biochemical reactions, resulting in his taking snapshots of selective features of biological systems, structures, and processes, while ignoring the redundant complexity of the context in which those features are naturally embedded. They also criticized his over-reliance of overly simplistic metaphors, such as his mousetrap.
A computer model of the co-evolution of proteins binding to DNA in the peer-reviewed journal ''[[Nucleic Acids Research]]'' consisted of several parts (DNA binders and DNA binding sites) which contribute to the basic function; removal of either one leads immediately to the death of the organism. This model fits the definition of irreducible complexity exactly, yet it evolves.<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Thomas D. Schneider|Schneider TD]] |title=Evolution of Biological Information |journal= Nucleic Acids Research |year=2000 |pages=2794–2799 |volume=28 |issue=14 |pmid=10908337 |doi=10.1093/nar/28.14.2794}}</ref> (The program can be run from [http://alum.mit.edu/www/toms/papers/ev/ Ev program].)
In addition, research published in the peer-reviewed journal [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] has shown that computer simulations of evolution demonstrate that it is possible for complex features to evolve naturally.<ref>{{cite journal |author= [[Richard Lenski|Lenski RE]], Ofria C, Pennock RT, Adami C |title= The evolutionary origin of complex features |journal= Nature |year= 2003 |pages= 139–44 |volume= 423 |issue= 6936 |pmid= 12736677 |doi= 10.1038/nature01568|bibcode= 2003Natur.423..139L}}</ref>
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