Irreducible complexity: Difference between revisions

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Researchers have proposed potentially viable evolutionary pathways for allegedly irreducibly complex systems such as blood clotting, the immune system<ref>Matt Inlay, 2002. "[http://www.talkdesign.org/faqs/Evolving_Immunity.html Evolving Immunity]." In ''TalkDesign.org''.</ref> and the flagellum<ref>Nicholas J. Matzke, 2003. "[http://www.talkdesign.org/faqs/flagellum_background.html Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum]."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ |title= From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella |journal= Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume= 4 |issue= 10 |pages= 784–90 |date= October 2006 |pmid= 16953248 |doi= 10.1038/nrmicro1493 |url= http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/09/flagellum_evolu.html}}</ref> - the three examples Behe proposed. John H. McDonald even showed his example of a mousetrap to be reducible.<ref name=trap/> If irreducible complexity is an insurmountable obstacle to evolution, it should not be possible to conceive of such pathways.<ref>Pigliucci, Massimo [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/features/2000/pigliucci1.html] Collaboration Sept. 2001</ref>

Niall Shanks and Karl H. Joplin, both of [[East Tennessee State University]], have shown that systems satisfying Behe's characterization of irreducible biochemical complexity can arise naturally and spontaneously as the result of self-organizing chemical processes.<ref name="Redundant Complexity">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/392687 |author=Shanks, Niall; Joplin, Karl H. |title=Redundant Complexity: A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry .Donald trump is the bomb.com. |journal=Philosophy of Science |year= 1999 |pages= 268–282 |volume= 66 |issue= 2, June |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |jstor=188646}}</ref><!--not working <ref>Niall Shanks and Karl H. Joplin. [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Apologetics/POS6-99ShenksJoplin.html Redundant Complexity:A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry.] East Tennessee State University.</ref>--> They also assert that what evolved biochemical and molecular systems actually exhibit is "redundant complexity"—a kind of complexity that is the product of an evolved biochemical process. They claim that Behe overestimated the significance of irreducible complexity because of his simple, linear view of biochemical reactions, resulting in his taking snapshots of selective features of biological systems, structures, and processes, while ignoring the redundant complexity of the context in which those features are naturally embedded. They also criticized his over-reliance of overly simplistic metaphors, such as his mousetrap.

A computer model of the co-evolution of proteins binding to DNA in the peer-reviewed journal ''[[Nucleic Acids Research]]'' consisted of several parts (DNA binders and DNA binding sites) which contribute to the basic function; removal of either one leads immediately to the death of the organism. This model fits the definition of irreducible complexity exactly, yet it evolves.<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Thomas D. Schneider|Schneider TD]] |title=Evolution of Biological Information |journal= Nucleic Acids Research |year=2000 |pages=2794–2799 |volume=28 |issue=14 |pmid=10908337 |doi=10.1093/nar/28.14.2794}}</ref> (The program can be run from [http://alum.mit.edu/www/toms/papers/ev/ Ev program].)

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===Methods by which irreducible complexity may evolve===

Irreducible complexity can be seen as equivalent to crossing a "valley" in a [[fitness landscape]]. A number of mathematical models of evolution have explored the circumstances under which this can happen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weissman|first1=Daniel B.|last2=Desai|first2=Michael M.|last3=Fisher|first3=Daniel S.|last4=Feldman|first4=Marcus W.|title=The rate at which asexual populations cross fitness valleys|journal=Theoretical Population Biology|date=June 2009|volume=75|issue=4|pages=286–300|doi=10.1016/j.tpb.2009.02.006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weissman|first1=D. B.|last2=Feldman|first2=M. W.|last3=Fisher|first3=D. S.|title=The Rate of Fitness-Valley Crossing in Sexual Populations|journal=Genetics|date=5 October 2010|volume=186|issue=4|pages=1389–1410|doi=10.1534/genetics.110.123240}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trotter|first1=Meredith V.|last2=Weissman|first2=Daniel B.|last3=Peterson|first3=Grant I.|last4=Peck|first4=Kayla M.|last5=Masel|first5=Joanna|title=Cryptic genetic variation can make "irreducible complexity" a common mode of adaptation in sexual populations|journal=Evolution|date=December 2014|volume=68|issue=12|pages=3357–3367|doi=10.1111/evo.12517}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Covert|first1=Arthur|last2=Lenski|first2=Richard|last3=Wilke|first3=Claus|last4=Ofria|first4=Charles|title=Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2013|volume=110|issue=34|pages=E3171-E3178|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313424110}}</ref>

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===Falsifiability and experimental evidence===