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In [[programming languages]], <!-- [[object-oriented programming language]]--> <!-- and related fields, like [[OODMBS]],--> '''encapsulation''' is used to refer to one of two related but distinct notions, and sometimes to the combination<ref>Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, ISBN 0-12-633951-1, p. 481: "Encapsulation mechanisms enable the programme<sup></sup>r to group data and the subroutines that operate on them together in one place, and to hide irrelevant details from the users of an abstraction."</ref><ref name=Dale>Nell B. Dale, Chip Weems, ''Programming and problem solving with Java'', Edition 2, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007, ISBN 0-7637-3402-0, p. 396</ref> thereof:
* A language mechanism for restricting direct access to some of the [[object (computer science)|object]]'s components.<ref>[[John C. Mitchell]], ''Concepts in programming languages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-78098-5, p.522</ref><ref name=Pierce>{{cite book|last=Pierce|first=Benjamin|authorlink=Benjamin C. Pierce|title=[[Types and Programming Languages]]|publisher=MIT Press|year=2002|isbn=0-262-16209-1}} p. 266</ref>
* A language construct that facilitates the bundling of data with the [[Method (computer programming)|method]]s <!-- I object to the word method being used here because in lisp languages programmers cannot distinguish methods from normal functions at the call site. Behavior equivalent to methods may be implemented as normal functions. encapsulation is not dependent on implementation but on behavior--> (or other functions) operating on that data.<ref>Wm. Paul Rogers, [http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-05-2001/jw-0518-encapsulation.html?page=9 ''Encapsulation is not information hiding''], JavaWorld.com, 05/18/01</ref><ref>Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg, ''Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation, and management'', Edition 4, Pearson Education, 2005, ISBN 0-321-21025-5, Chapter 25, "Introduction to Object DMBS", section "Object-oriented concepts", p. 814</ref>
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