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== Overview ==
Meta-process modeling focuses on and supports the process of constructing [[process model]]s. Its main concern is to improve process models and to make them evolve, which in turn, will support the development of systems.<ref name="Rolland 1998">{{cite book | chapter=A Comprehensive View of Process Engineering | title=Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering table of contents | pages =1–24 | year= 1998 |isbn=3-540-64556-X | author= Colette Rolland
|publisher=Springer-Verlag |___location= London }}</ref> This is important due to the fact that "[[Process (engineering)|processes]] change with time and so do the process models underlying them. Thus, new processes and models may have to be built and existing ones improved".<ref name="Rolland 1998" /> "The focus has been to increase the level of formality of process models in order to make possible their enactment in process-centred software environments".<ref name="Rolland 1999">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s007660050018 | title=A Multi-Model View of Process Modelling | year=1999 | last1=Rolland | first1=C. | last2=Prakash | first2=N. | last3=Benjamen | first3=A. | journal=Requirements Engineering | volume=4 |issue=4| page=169}}</ref><ref name="Finkelstein 1994">{{cite book |
A process meta-model is a [[Metamodeling|meta model]], "a description at the type level of a process model. A process model is, thus, an instantiation of a process meta-model. [..] A meta-model can be instantiated several times in order to define various process models. A process meta-model is at the meta-type level with respect to a process."<ref name="Rolland 1998" />
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=== Assembly ===
The assembly technique is based on the idea of a process repository from which process components can be selected. Rolland (1998) lists two selection strategies:<ref name="Rolland 1998" />
#Promoting a ''global'' analysis of the project on hand based on contingency criteria (Example Van Slooten 1996<ref name="Van Slooten 1996">{{cite book |
#Using the notion of descriptors<ref name="Antonellis 1991">V. De Antonellis, B. Pernici, P. Samarati. F-ORM METHOD: A methodology for reusing specifications. In Object Oriented Approach in Information Systems. Van Assche F., Moulin B., C Rolland (eds), North Holland, 1991</ref> as a means to describe process chunks. This eases the retrieval of components meeting the requirements of the user / matching with the situation at hand.<ref name="Rolland 1996b">{{cite book |
For the assembly technique to be successful, it is necessary that process models are modular. If the assembly technique is combined with the instantiation technique then the meta-model must itself be modular.<ref name="Rolland 1998" />
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* PS-Algol for PWI<ref name="Finkelstein 1994" />
as well as further computational paradigms:
* [[Petri nets]] in EPOS<ref name="Jacherri 1992" /> and SPADE<ref name="Bandinelli 1993">{{cite book | chapter = Process Modeling in-the-large with SLANG (1993) |
* Rule based paradigm in MERLIN<ref name="Emmerich 1991">W. Emmerich, G. Junkermann, W Schafer, MERLIN : knowledge-based process modeling, Proc. of the First European Workshop on Software Process Modeling, Milan, Italy, 1991.</ref>
* ALF<ref name="Benali 1989">{{cite journal |title=Presentation of the ALF project, Proceedings Conference software development environments and factories |___location= Berlin | year=1989 |url=http://opensigle.inist.fr/handle/10068/43710 |author= Derniame, J.C.,Benali, K.,Charoy, F., Boudjlida, N., Godart, C. }} {{hdl|10068/43710}}</ref>
* Marvel<ref name="Kaiser 1988">{{cite journal | author=G. E. Kaiser|year=1988 | title=Database Support for Knowledge-Based Engineering Environments | journal=IEEE Expert | volume=3 |issue=2 | pages=18–32 | doi=10.1109/64.2102|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* EPOS<ref name="Jacherri 1992" />
* Triggers in ADELE<ref name="Belkhatir 1994">{{cite journal |
Languages are typically related to process programs whereas instantiation techniques have been used to construct process scripts.<ref name="Rolland 1998" />
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==Example: "Multi-model view"==
[[Colette Rolland]] (1999)<ref name="Rolland 1999" /> provides an example of a meta-process model which utilizes the instantiation and assembly technique. In the paper the approach is called "Multi-model view" and was applied on the CREWS-L'Ecritoire method. The CREWS-L'Ecritoire method represents a methodical approach for [[Requirements Engineering]], "the part of the IS development that involves investigating problems and requirements of the users community and developing a specification of the future system, the so-called conceptual schema.".<ref name="Rolland 1993" /><ref name="Hagelstein 1988">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0950-7051(88)90031-7 | title=Declarative approach to information systems requirements | year=1988 | last1=Hagelstein | first1=J | journal=Knowledge-Based Systems | volume=1 | pages=211 | issue=4 }}</ref><ref name="Dubois 1989">{{cite journal |
Besides the CREWS-L'Ecritoire approach, the multi-model view has served as a basis for representing:<ref name="Rolland 1999" />
:(a) the three other requirements engineering approaches developed within the CREWS project, Real World Scenes approach,<ref name="Haumer 1998">{{cite journal | doi=10.1109/32.738338 | title=Requirements elicitation and validation with real world scenes | year=1998 | last1=Haumer | first1=P. | last2=Pohl | first2=K. | last3=Weidenhaupt | first3=K. | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | volume=24 | pages=1036 | issue=12}}</ref> SAVRE approach for scenario exceptions discovery,<ref name="Sutcliffe 1998">{{cite journal | doi=10.1109/32.738340 | title=Supporting scenario-based requirements engineering | year=1998 | last1=Sutcliffe | first1=A.G. | last2=Maiden | first2=N.A.M. | last3=Minocha | first3=S. | last4=Manuel | first4=D. | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | volume=24 | pages=1072 | issue=12}}</ref> and the scenario animation approach<ref name="Dubois 1998">{{cite journal |
:(b) for integrating approaches<ref name="Ralyté 1999">{{cite book |
Furthermore, the CREWS-L'Ecritoire utilizes process models and meta-process models in order to achieve flexibility for the situation at hand. The approach is based on the notion of a labelled graph of intentions and strategies called a ''map'' as well as its associated ''guidelines''.<ref name="Rolland 1999" /> Together, map (process model) and the guidelines form the method.
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