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In [[electronics]] where the signal is transferred by differential voltage, the common-mode signal is a half-sum of voltages
:<math>U_\text{cm} = \frac{U_1 + U_2}{2}</math>
When referenced to the local common or ground, a common-mode signal appears on both lines of a two-wire cable, in-phase and with equal amplitudes. Technically, a common-mode voltage is one-half the vector sum of the voltages from each conductor of a balanced circuit to local ground or common. Such signals can arise from one or more of the following sources:
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