Content deleted Content added
m Assisted by Citation bot +doi |
m Assisted by Citation bot +doi |
||
Line 9:
Later research observed that high perceptual fluency increases the experience of [[positive affect]].<ref>[[Rolf Reber|Reber, R.]], Winkielman, P. & [[Norbert Schwarz|Schwarz, N.]] (1998). Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgments. ''Psychological Science'', ''9'', 45–48.</ref> Research with [[psychophysiological]] methods corroborated this positive effect on affective experience: easy-to-perceive stimuli were not only judged more positively but increased activation in the [[zygomaticus major muscle]], the so-called "smiling muscle".<ref>Winkielman, P., & [[John Cacioppo|Cacioppo, J.T.]] (2001). Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation increases positive affect. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''81'', 989–1000.</ref> The notion that processing fluency is inherently positive led to the [[processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure]],<ref>Reber, R., Schwarz, N., Winkielman, P.: "Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver's processing experience?", ''Personality and Social Psychology Review'', 8(4):364–382</ref> and it has been used to explain people's negative reactions towards migrants, who appear to be more difficult to process than nonmigrants.<ref>Rubin, M., Paolini, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). [https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/prejudice-and-discrimination-against-migrants-is-it-because-migrants-are-too-hard-to-think-about A processing fluency explanation of bias against migrants]. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46,'' 21-28.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.006 [View<nowiki>]</nowiki>]</ref>
Other studies have shown that when presenting people with a factual statement, manipulations that make the statement easier to mentally process—even totally nonsubstantive changes like writing it in a cleaner [[font]] or making it [[rhyme]] or simply repeating it—can alter judgment of the truth of the statement, along with evaluation of the [[intelligence]] of the statement's author.<ref>{{cite news |title=Easy=True |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/01/31/easy__true/ |accessdate=2010-02-07 |publisher=The Boston Globe |first=Drake |last=Bennett |date=January 31, 2010}}</ref> This is called the "[[illusion-of-truth effect]]". In one study, people were more likely to judge easy-to-read statements as true.<ref>Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. ''Consciousness and Cognition'', ''8'', 338–342.</ref> This means that perceived beauty and judged truth have a common underlying experience, namely processing fluency. Indeed, experiments showed that [[beauty]] is used as an indication for the correctness of mathematical solutions. This supports the idea that beauty is intuitively seen as truth.<ref>Reber, R. Brun, M., & Mitterndorfer, K. (2008). The use of heuristics in intuitive mathematical judgment. ''Psychonomic Bulletin & Review'', ''15'', 1174–1178.</ref> Processing fluency may be one of the foundations of [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuition]]<ref
As high processing fluency indicates that the interaction of a person with the environment goes smoothly,<ref
A 2010 study demonstrated that the long-known effect of illegible handwriting in an essay on grading is mediated by a lack of processing fluency (and not, for example, negative stereotypes related to illegible writing).<ref name=Greifeneder2010/>
Line 36:
<ref name=Schwarz2004>{{cite journal|doi=10.1207/s15327663jcp1404_2|ssrn=532222|title=Metacognitive Experiences in Consumer Judgment and Decision Making|journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=332–348|year=2004|last1=Schwarz|first1=Norbert}}</ref>
<ref name=Song2008>{{cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2008.26.6.791|title=Fluency and the Detection of Misleading Questions: Low Processing Fluency Attenuates the Moses Illusion|journal=Social Cognition|volume=26|issue=6|pages=
<ref name=Topolinski2009>{{cite journal|doi=10.1037/a0014678|title=The architecture of intuition: Fluency and affect determine intuitive judgments of semantic and visual coherence and judgments of grammaticality in artificial grammar learning|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General|volume=138|issue=1|pages=39-63|year=2009|last1=Topolinski|first1=Sascha|last2=Strack|first2=Fritz |url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160613102611/http://soco.uni-koeln.de/files/Topolinski_Strack_2009_JEPG_architecture_of_intuition.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=Topolinski2010>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0963721410388803|title=Gaining Insight into the "Aha" Experience|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=19|issue=6|pages=402-405|year=2010|last1=Topolinski|first1=S.|last2=Reber|first2=R.|ref=harv |url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160613103031/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rolf_Reber/publication/258127962_Gaining_Insight_Into_the_Aha_Experience/links/547f4f730cf2ccc7f8b91e33.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Winkielman2003">{{cite book|editor1-last=Musch|editor1-first=Jochen|editor2-last=Klauer|editor2-first=Karl C.|title=The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion|date=2003|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers|___location=Mahwah, NJ|isbn=9781135640590|pages=189–217|url=https://books.google.com/?id=t1h6AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA195&pg=PA195|language=en|chapter=The hedonic marking of processing fluency: Implications for evaluative judgment|last1=Winkielman|first1=P.|last2=Schwarz|first2=N.|last3=Reber|first3=R.|last4=Fazendeiro|first4=T. |chapter-url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160227144950/http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/780/docs/winkielman_et_al_fluency_hedonic_pri.pdf}}</ref>
}}
| |||