Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering: Difference between revisions

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== Extensions ==

DnS (Descriptions and Situations), developed by Aldo Gangemi (STLab, Rome), is a ''constructivist'' ontology that pushes DOLCE’s descriptive stance even further.<ref>http://www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/D07_v21a.pdf</ref> DnS does not put restrictions on the type of entities and relations that one may want to postulate, either as a ___domain specification, or as an upper ontology, and it allows for context-sensitive ‘''redescriptions''’ of the types and relations postulated by other given ontologies (or ‘ground’ vocabularies). The current OWL encoding of DnS assumes DOLCE as a ground top-level vocabulary. DnS and related modules also exploit ‘CPs’ (Content ontology design Patterns), which provide a framework to annotate ‘focused’ fragments of a reference ontology (i.e., the parts of an ontology containing the types and relations that underlie ‘expert reasoning’ in given fields or communities). The combination of DOLCE and DnS has been used to build a planning ontology known as [[Process ontology#SUPER and DDPO|DDPO]]<ref>{{cite web|authorauthor1=Gangemi, A., |author2=Borgo, S., |author3=Catenacci, C., |author4=and Lehman, J. |title=Task taxonomies for knowledge content (deliverable D07)|url=http://www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/D07_v21a.pdf|___location=Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology|publisher=Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA)|year=2005|pages=27–66}}</ref> (DOLCE+DnS Plan Ontology).

Both DOLCE and DnS are particularly devoted to the treatment of social entities, such as e.g. organizations, collectives, plans, norms, and information objects. It has also been used to study and create ___domain ontologies for [[sovereign states]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Edward Heath |url=http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/States_v_Legal_Persons.pdf |title=An Ontological Analysis of States: Organizations vs. Legal Persons |journal=Applied Ontology |year=2010 |volume=5 |issue= |pages=109–125 }}</ref> geopolitical boundaries,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Edward Heath |url=http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Reexamining_boundaries.pdf |title=Reexamining Fiat, Bona Fide and Force Dynamic Boundaries for Geopolitical Entities and their Placement in DOLCE |journal=Applied Ontology |year=2012 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=93–108 }}</ref> and the agentivity of social entities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Edward Heath |url=http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Social_Agentivity.pdf |title=A Theory of Social Agentivity and its Integration into the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering |journal=International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems |year=2011 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=62–86 |doi=10.4018/ijswis.2011100103}}</ref> The DOLCE-2.1-Lite-Plus OWL version, including a number of DnS-based modules, has been and is being applied to several ontology projects.<ref>http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DLP_397.owl</ref>