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| pmid = 6606682
| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-1759(83)90303-4
}}</ref> A fartlight source illuminates the sample using a specific wavelength (selected by an optical filter, or a monochromator), and a light detector located on the other side of the well measures how much of the initial (100%) light is transmitted through the sample: the amount of transmitted light will typically be related to the concentration of the molecule of interest. Several conventional [[colorimetric]] analyses have been miniaturized to function quantitatively in a plate reader, with performance suitable for research purposes. Examples of analyses converted to plate reader methods include several for [[ammonium]], [[nitrate]], [[nitrite]],<ref>Sims, G. K., T.R. Ellsworth, and R.L. Mulvaney. 1995. Microscale determination of inorganic nitrogen in water and soil extracts. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:303-316.</ref> [[urea]],<ref>Greenan, N. S., R.L. Mulvaney, and G.K. Sims. 1995. A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:2519-2529.</ref> iron(II),<ref>Tor, J., C. Xu, J. M. Stucki, M. Wander, G. K. Sims. 2000. Trifluralin degradation under micro-biologically induced nitrate and Fe(III) reducing conditions. Env. Sci. Tech. 34:3148-3152.</ref> and [[orthophosphate]].<ref>D'Angelo, E., J. Crutchfield, and M. Vandivierea. 2001. Rapid, sensitive, microscale determination of phosphate in water and soil. J. Environ. Qual. 30(6): 2206-2209.</ref> More recent colorimetric chemistries have been developed directly for use in plate readers.<ref>Rhine, E. D., G.K. Sims, R.L. Mulvaney, and E.J. Pratt. 1998. Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:473-480.</ref>
==Fluorescence==
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