'''Irreducible complexity''' ('''IC''') is a [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] argument that certain [[biological system]]s cannot [[evolution|evolve]] by successive small modifications to pre-existing functional systems through [[natural selection]]. Irreducible complexity is a central to the [[creationism|creationist]] concept of [[intelligent design]], but it is rejected by the [[scientific community]],<ref name="dover_behe_ruling">"We therefore find that Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large." [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/4:Whether ID Is Science#Page 79 of 139|Ruling, Judge John E. Jones III, ''Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District'']]</ref> which regards intelligent design as pseudoscience.<ref>"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like 'irreducible complexity'" {{cite book |author=Shulman, Seth |title=Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration |publisher=University of California Press |___location=Berkeley |year=2006 |page=13 |isbn=0-520-24702-7}} "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."<br/>{{cite journal |author=David Mu |title=Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design |journal=Harvard Science Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |date=Fall 2005 |doi= |url=http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hsr/fall2005/mu.pdf}}<br/>{{cite journal |author=Perakh M |title=Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design |journal=Cell Biol Educ. |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–2 |date=Summer 2005 |doi=10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071 |pmc=1103713}}<br/>Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota [http://www.texscience.org/files/faqs.htm Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy] "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."<br/>See also [[list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design]]</ref> Irreducible complexity is one of two main arguments used by intelligent design proponents, the other being [[specified complexity]].<ref name="LiveScience- msnbc.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9452500/ns/technology_and_science-science/ |title=Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design' - LiveScience |author=Ker Than|date=September 23, 2005 |publisher=[[msnbc.com]] |accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref>
[[Michael Behe]], a professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University, first argued that irreducible complexity made evolution purely through natural selection of random mutations impossible.<ref>*{{cite book |last= Behe |first= Michael |title= Darwin's Black Box |publisher= Free Press |___location= New York |year= 1996 |isbn= 978-0-684-82754-4}}</ref> However, [[evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologists]] have demonstrated how such systems could have evolved.<ref name="thornton2006"/><ref name="Redundant Complexity"/> There are many examples documented through comparative genomics showing that complex molecular systems are formed by the addition of components as revealed by different temporal origins of their proteins.<ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7381/full/nature10724.html</ref><ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/341</ref>
