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* several messaging technologies, specifically Service Broker and Notification Services
=== SQL Server 2005 ===
SQL Server 2005 (formerly codenamed "Yukon") released in November 2005. It included native support for managing [[XML]] data, in addition to [[relational database|relational data]]. For this purpose, it defined an <code>xml</code> [[data type]] that could be used either as a data type in database columns or as [[Literal (computer science)|literal]]s in queries. XML columns can be associated with [[XSD]] schemas; XML data being stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data. XML data is queried using [[XQuery]]; SQL Server 2005 added some extensions to the [[T-SQL]] language to allow embedding XQuery queries in T-SQL. In addition, it also defines a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML, that allows query-based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be exposed over [[web service]]s using [[Tabular Data Stream]] (TDS) packets encapsulated within [[SOAP (protocol)]] requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results are returned as XML.<ref name="Database Engine XML Enhancements">{{ cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms170809.aspx | title = Database Engine XML Enhancements | accessdate = 2007-12-03 }}</ref>
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Extended support for SQL Server 2005 ended on April 12, 2016.
=== SQL Server 2008 ===
SQL Server 2008 (formerly codenamed "Katmai")<ref name="2k8">{{ cite web | url = http://www.microsoft.com/sql/prodinfo/futureversion/default.mspx | title = Microsoft SQL Server 2008 | accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref><ref name="PaulFlessner">{{ cite web | title = ChannelWeb: Next SQL Server stop: Katmai | url = http://www.crn.com/storage/170702999 | accessdate = 2005-11-05 }}</ref> was released on August 6, 2008, announced to the SQL Server Special Interest Group at the ESRI 2008 User's Conference on August 6, 2008 by Ed Katibah (Spatial Program Manager at Microsoft), and aims to make data management [[self-tuning]], self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of ''SQL Server Always On'' technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. SQL Server 2008 also includes support for [[structured data|structured]] and semi-structured data, including digital media formats for pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as [[Binary large object|BLOBs]] (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Intrinsic awareness of multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. According to [[Paul Flessner]], senior Vice President of Server Applications at Microsoft, SQL Server 2008 can be a data storage backend for ''different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc.'' as well as perform ''search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization'' across all data types.<ref name="PaulFlessner" />
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The final SQL Server 2008 service pack (10.00.6000, Service Pack 4) was released on September 30, 2014.<ref name="Service Pack 4">{{ cite web | url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlreleaseservices/archive/2014/09/30/sql-server-2008-service-pack-4-has-released.aspx | website = SQL Release Services Blog | title = SQL Server 2008 Service Pack 4 has released | accessdate = 2014-10-01 }}</ref>
=== SQL Server 2008 R2 ===
SQL Server 2008 R2 (10.50.1600.1, formerly codenamed "Kilimanjaro") was announced at TechEd 2009, and was [[released to manufacturing]] on April 21, 2010.<ref name="SQL Server 2008 R2">{{ cite web | url = http://blogs.technet.com/sqlserverexperts/archive/2010/04/21/sql-server-2008-r2-launches.aspx | title = SQL Server 2008 R2 Launches! | accessdate = 2010-04-21 }}</ref> SQL Server 2008 R2 adds certain features to SQL Server 2008 including a [[master data management]] system branded as [[Microsoft SQL Server Master Data Services|Master Data Services]], a central management of master data entities and hierarchies.
Also Multi Server Management, a centralized console to manage multiple SQL Server 2008 instances and services including relational databases, Reporting Services, Analysis Services & Integration Services.<ref name="Innovations">{{ cite web | url = http://blogs.technet.com/dataplatforminsider/archive/2009/05/11/teched-2009-new-sql-server-innovations.aspx | publisher = MSDN Blogs | author = SQL Server Team | accessdate = 2009-05-12 | title = TechEd 2009 – New SQL Server Innovations}}</ref>
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The final SQL Server 2008 R2 service pack (10.50.6000, Service Pack 3) was released on September 26, 2014.<ref name="SQL Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 3">{{ cite web | url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlreleaseservices/archive/2014/09/26/sql-server-2008-r2-service-pack-3-has-released.aspx | website = SQL Release Services Blog | title = SQL Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 3 has released | accessdate = 2014-10-01 }}</ref>
=== SQL Server 2012 ===
At the 2011 [[Professional Association for SQL Server]] (PASS) summit on October 11, Microsoft announced that the next major version of SQL Server (codenamed "Denali"), would be SQL Server 2012. It was released to manufacturing on March 6, 2012.<ref name=2012-release>{{ cite web | title = Microsoft Releases SQL Server 2012 to Help Customers Manage "Any Data, Any Size, Anywhere" | url = http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2012/mar12/03-06SQLServer12PR.mspx | work = Microsoft News Center | publisher = Microsoft | accessdate = March 7, 2012 | date = March 6, 2012 }}</ref> SQL Server 2012 Service Pack 1 was released to manufacturing on November 9, 2012, and Service Pack 2 was released to manufacturing on June 10, 2014.
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SQL Server 2012's new features and enhancements include Always On SQL Server Failover Cluster Instances and Availability Groups which provides a set of options to improve database availability,<ref name="Availability Enhancements">{{ cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645581(v=sql.110).aspx | title = Availability Enhancements (Database Engine) | publisher = Msdn.microsoft.com | accessdate = 2013-06-15 }}</ref> Contained Databases which simplify the moving of databases between instances, new and modified Dynamic Management Views and Functions,<ref name="Manageability Enhancements">{{ cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645579(v=sql.110).aspx | title = Manageability Enhancements (Database Engine) | publisher = Msdn.microsoft.com | date = 2011-07-13 | accessdate = 2013-06-15 }}</ref> programmability enhancements including new spatial features,<ref name="Aitchison2012">{{ cite book | author = Alastair Aitchison | title = Pro Spatial with SQL Server 2012 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=NdvJXu7hT8oC&pg=PA21 | year = 2012 | publisher = Apress | isbn = 978-1-4302-3491-3 | pages = 21–23 }}</ref> metadata discovery, sequence objects and the THROW statement,<ref name="Programmability Enhancements">{{ cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645577(v=sql.110).aspx | title = Programmability Enhancements (Database Engine) | publisher = Msdn.microsoft.com | accessdate = 2013-06-15 }}</ref> performance enhancements such as ColumnStore Indexes as well as improvements to OnLine and partition level operations and security enhancements including provisioning during setup, new permissions, improved role management, and default schema assignment for groups.<ref name="Scalability and Performance Enhancements">{{ cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645580(v=sql.110).aspx | title = Scalability and Performance Enhancements (Database Engine) | publisher = Msdn.microsoft.com | accessdate = 2013-06-15 }}</ref><ref name="Security Enhancements">{{ cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645578(v=sql.110).aspx | title = Security Enhancements (Database Engine) | publisher = Msdn.microsoft.com | accessdate = 2013-06-15 }}</ref>
=== SQL Server 2014 ===
SQL Server 2014 was released to manufacturing on March 18, 2014, and released to the general public on April 1, 2014 and the build number was 12.0.2000.8 at release.<ref>http://www.faceofit.com/list-of-sql-server-versions-build-numbers-and-service-packs</ref> Until November 2013 there were two CTP revisions, CTP1 and CTP2.<ref name="CTP2">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/data__knowledge__intelligence/archive/2013/10/17/sql-server-2014-ctp2-is-now-available.aspx |title=SQL Server 2014 – CTP2 is now available |first=Deepthi |last=Anantharam |work=MSDN blogs |date=October 16, 2013 |accessdate=2016-08-15}}</ref> SQL Server 2014 provides a new in-memory capability for tables that can fit entirely in memory (also known as [[Hekaton (database)|Hekaton]]). Whilst small tables may be entirely resident in memory in all versions of SQL Server, they also may reside on disk, so work is involved in reserving [[Random-access memory|RAM]], writing evicted pages to disk, loading new pages from disk, locking the pages in RAM while they are being operated on, and many other tasks. By treating a table as guaranteed to be entirely resident in memory much of the 'plumbing' of disk-based databases can be avoided.<ref name="SQL Server 2012-2014-Explore">[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/sql-server-2014.aspx SQL Server 2012-2014-Explore. Server Cloud. Microsoft.com (2013-04-17). Retrieved on 2014-03-23]</ref>
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SQL Server 2014 is the last version available on x86/IA32 architecture.<ref name="2016 Requirements"/>
=== SQL Server 2016 ===
Microsoft SQL Server 2016 is the most recent version available. The official General Availability (GA) release date for SQL Server 2016 was June 1, 2016.
The RTM version is 13.0.1601.5.
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