Fatwa sullo sciismo di al-Azhar: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 07:13, 9 set 2015

Versione delle 12:14, 9 set 2015

Riga 1:

{{T|inglese|Islam|settembre 2015}}

La '''Fatwa sullo sciismo di al-Azhar''' {{Arabo|فتوى شلتوت|FatwaFatwā al-ShaltutShaltūt}}, ossia "La ''fatwa'' di ShaltutShaltūt") è una ''[[fatwa]]'' emessa nel 1959 adal proposito[[Grande delleImam relazionidi traal-Azhar]] [[sunnismoMahmud Shaltut|Muḥammad Shaltūt]] e riguardante le relazioni tra le due diverse espressioni dell'[[sciismoIslam]]: dalquella del [[Grandesunnismo]] Imame diquella al-Azhar]]dello [[Mahmud Shaltutsciismo]].

<!--UnderSotto Shaltootla guida di Shaltūt, Sunni-Shiale ecumenicalrelazioni activitiestra wouldsunnismo reache theirsciismo zenith.conobbero infatti un fondamentale momento di intesa,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rainer Brünner|title=Islamic Ecumenism In The 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint|date=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004125483|page=360|edition=revised}}</ref>

grazie ai fruttuosi colloqui che il Grande Imam aveva intrattenuto con il [Grande Ayatollah]] [[iran]]iano Borujerdi.

The fatwa is the fruit of a decade-long collaborative effort between a group of Sunni and [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] scholars at the Dar al-Taqreeb al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah ("center for bringing together the various Islamic schools of thought") theological center at [[Al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]]. The aim of the effort is to bridge the gap between the various Islamic schools of thought, and to foster mutual respect, understanding and appreciation of each school's contributions to the development of Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter1b/14.html|title=al-Azhar Verdict on the Shia|publisher=www.al-islam.org|accessdate=2009-05-05| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090613065916/http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter1b/14.html| archivedate= 13 June 2009 DASHBot| deadurl= no}}</ref> However, despite the ecumenical fatwa, while Shaltoot was [[Grand Imam of Al-Azhar]] he refused to establish an independent Shia chair at the University, which was one of the greatest aspirations, especially, of the Shia members of the Dar al-Taqreeb.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rainer Brünner|title=Islamic Ecumenism In The 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint|date=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004125483|page=301|edition=revised}}</ref>

La ''Fatwa'' di Shaltūt fu infatti il risultato di una lunga serie di colloqui che comportarono una positiva collaborazione dottrinaria nell'ambito della "Dār al-Taqrīb al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya" (Casa dell'avvicinamento tra le scuole giuridiche islamiche), sorta per precisa volontà dei due grandi [[ulema|ʿulamāʾ]] musulmani.<br>

Il fine dell'intesa era di creare un deciso collegamento tra le varie [[madhhab|scuole giuridiche islamiche]] e di avviare rapporti di mutuo rispetto, allontanando il pericolo di mutua scomunica e di disconoscimento di islamicità, nel riconoscimento dell'importante ruolo svolto dal sunnismo e dallo sciismo nello sviluppo del pensiero islamico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter1b/14.html|title=al-Azhar Verdict on the Shia|publisher=www.al-islam.org|accesso=5 maggio 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090613065916/http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter1b/14.html| archivedate= 13 giugno 2009 DASHBot| deadurl= no}}</ref>

Tuttavia, malgrado l'[[Ecumenismo|ecumenicità]] della ''Fatwa'', voluta da Shaltūt mentre occupava il posto di massimo rilievo del pensiero sunnita, non fu istituita ad al-Azhar alcuna cattedra d'insegnamento di [[Fiqh]] [[Giafarismo|giafarita]], diminuendo alquanto la portata "rivoluzionaria" dell'intesa, che comunque rimane un saldo pilastro del pensiero islamico, osatile alle contrapposizioni (violente o meno) e all'antagonismo dottrinario.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rainer Brünner|title=Islamic Ecumenism In The 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint|date=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004125483|page=301|edition=revised}}</ref>

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This rare fatwa, which admits [[Shia Muslim]]s, [[Alawite]]s, and [[Druze]] into mainstream Islam who had been considered heretics and idolaters for hundreds of years, has been viewed as being inspired by the then Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aburish|first=Saïd K.|title=Nasser: the last Arab|date=2004|publisher=Duckworth|isbn=9780715633007|pages=200–201|edition=illustrated|quote=But perhaps the most far reaching change [initiated by Nasser’s guidance] was the fatwa commanding the readmission to mainstream Islam of the Shia, Alawis, and Druze. They had been considered heretics and idolaters for hundreds of years, but Nasser put an end to this for once and for all. While endearing himself to the majority Shia of Iraq and undermining Kassem [the communist ruler of Iraq at the time] might have played a part in that decision, there is no doubting the liberalism of the man in this regard.}}</ref> Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire Arab world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keddie|first=Nikki R|title=Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics|date=2002|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295982069|page=306|edition=illustrated|author2=Rudolph P Matthee}}</ref>