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'''Core-periphery structures''' are commonly found in economic and [[social network]]s. They consist of a dense cohesive core and a sparse, loosely connected periphery. (Zhang, Martin, & Newman, n.d.) Networks can be described from various macro, micro and meso scales. Identifying these structures allows for the comparison between complex structures. (Rombach, Porter, Fowler, & Mucha, 2014)
[[File:Core-Periphery Network.png|thumb|A Network with an idealized core-periphery structure]]
==Models of
There are two main intuitions behind the definition of core-periphery structures; one assumes that a network can only have one core, whereas the other allows for the possibility of multiple cores. These two intuitive conceptions serve as the basis for two modes of core-periphery structures.
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Hubs are commonly found in empirical networks and pose a problem for community detection as they usually have strong ties to many communities. Identifying core-periphery structures can help circumvent this problem by categorizing hubs as part of the network’s core. (Rombach et al., 2014, p. 160) Likewise, though all core nodes have high centrality measures, not all nodes with high centrality measures belong to the core. It is possible to find that a set of highly central nodes in a graph does not make an internally cohesive subgraph. (Borgatti & Everett, 2000)
==Uses in
The concept of center and periphery was first introduced by [[Raúl Prebisch]] in the 1950s. However, the qualitative notion that social networks can have a core-periphery structure has a long history in disciplines such as sociology, international relations (Nemeth & Smith, 1985), and economics (Snyder & Kick, 1979). Observed trade flows and diplomatic ties among countries fit this structure. Paul Krugman (1991) suggests that when transportation costs are low enough manufacturers concentrate in a single region known as the core and other regions (the periphery) limit themselves to the supply of agricultural goods.
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* Borgatti, S. P., & Everett, M. G. (2000). Models of core /periphery structures. Social Networks, 21, 375–395. doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(99)00019-2
* Krugman, P.R. (1991), Increasing returns and economic geography, Journal of Political Economy 99,
* Nemeth, R. J., & Smith, D. A. (1985). International trade and world-system structure: A multiple network analysis (No. 8).
* Rombach, M. P., Porter, M. A., Fowler, J. H., & Mucha, P. J. (2014). Core-periphery structure in Networks. Siam J. of Applied Math., 74(1), 167–190.
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