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==Introduction==
Associativity-Based Routing<ref>{{cite |title="Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C}}</ref><ref>{{cite |title="A novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC}}</ref><ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-007817-9</ref><ref>{{cite |title="Long-lived ad-hoc routing based on the concept of Associativity" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:YsMSGLbcyi4C}}</ref><ref> (commonly known as ABR) is a mobile routing protocol invented for [[wireless ad hoc networks]].
ABR was invented in 1993, filed for a USA patent in 1996, and granted the patent in 1999. ABR was invented by [[Chai Keong Toh]]
while doing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University. In the 1990s, our Internet is still largely wired. Toh was working on a different
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ABR is an on-demand routing protocol, i.e., routes are created only as and when needed. This, in contrast, to the existing Internet
where routes are immediately available and routing tables are constantly updated. According to the publications<ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-007817-9</ref>, on-demand routing is chosen because
it can reduce the amount of control packet traffic and
==ABR Route Discovery Phase==
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COMPAQ, Toshiba, etc) that are equipped with WaveLAN 802.11a PCMCIA wireless adapters. A working 5-node campus wide
[[wireless ad hoc network]] was achieved and the field trial was published in Mobile Computing Magazine in 1999.
Various tests were performed with the network:
*[1] Transmission of up to 100MBytes of data from source to destination over 3-hop route.
*[2] Link breaks and automatic link repairs proven to be working
*[3] Automatic Route Discovery
*[4] Route Delete
*[5] Web Server in Ad Hoc mode - with source being client and destination being the web server
*[6] Transmission of multimedia information (audio and video)
*[7] TELNET over Ad Hoc
*[8] FTP over Ad Hoc
*[9] HTTP over Ad Hoc
Also, network performance measurements on the following were made:
*[1] End-to-end delay
*[2] TCP throughput
*[3] Packet loss ratio
*[4] Route discovery delay
*[5] Route repair delay
==ABR Patent==
ABR was granted a US patent 5987011<ref>{{cite |title="A Routing Method for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks" |url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5987011}}</ref> and the assignee being [[King's College Cambridge]], UK. ABR was subsequently licensed to a US defense corporation.
Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks bloom with US defense spending over $2Billion in programs and research by DARA,
DoD, Air Force, Coast Guards, and US Navy.
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