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'''Associativity-Based Routing'''<ref>{{cite |title="Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C}}</ref><ref>{{cite |title="A novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC}}</ref><ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-007817-9</ref><ref>{{cite |title="Long-lived ad-hoc routing based on the concept of Associativity" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citationsview_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:YsMSGLbcyi4C}}</ref> (commonly known as ABR) is a mobile routing protocol invented for [[wireless ad hoc networks]].
ABR was invented in 1993, filed for a USA patent in 1996, and granted the patent in 1999. ABR was invented by [[Chai Keong Toh]]
while doing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University. In the 1990s, our Internet is still largely wired. Toh was working on a different
Internet - that of a rapidly deployable, infrastructureless, self-organizing, self-
is mobility of nodes and link dynamics. Toh's prime argument is that there is no point in choosing a node to route packets if the route is unstable or going to be broken soon. So, he introduced a new routing metric (known as associativity ticks) and the concept of associativity, i.e., link stability among nodes over TIME and SPACE. Hence, ABR was born.
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DoD, Air Force, Coast Guards, and US Navy<ref>{{cite |title="Naval Communications" |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11605/chapter/8#153}}</ref>.
In October 2013, the
networking technology to quickly established networks to facilitate rescue operations. Many lives were saved.<ref>{{cite |title="After Sandy hit, Coast Guard comms got ... better" |url=https://gcn.com/articles/2013/10/07/gcn-award-coast-guard-trident.aspx}}</ref>
In '''US Operation Enduring Freedom''' on wars with Afghanistan, tactical ad hoc mobile
communications is used in the battlefield. <ref>{{cite |title="Army networking radios improve communications at tactical edge" |url=https://www.army.mil/article/68498/Army_networking_radios_improve_communications_at_tactical_edge}}</ref>
'''Globally''', Defense and national science organizations in other countries have also invested heavily on research programs related to mobile ad hoc networks. Such countries include USA, UK<ref>{{cite |title="UK MoD High Capacity Tactical Ad Hoc Radio" |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514562/HOCS_F0I_2016_11086____Information_on_use_at_High_Capacity_Data_Radio__HCDR_.pdf}}</ref>, Canada, Sweden, Singapore, Australia<ref>{{cite |title="Australia DSTO Military ad-hoc wireless network" |url=http://www.acorn.net.au/show/project/57/}}</ref>, Germany, Norway<ref>{{cite |title="Research Council of Norway, VERDIKT Program" |url=http://wiki.unik.no/media/Swacom/SwacomProjectProposal.pdf}}</ref>, France, Switzerland, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, China, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Finland, etc.
Many industries have
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==ABR Descendants==
Quite a few other mobile ad hoc routing protocols have incorporated ABR's stability concept or have done extensions and enhancement of ABR, such as Signal
Stability-based Adaptive Routing Protocol ('''SSA''')<ref>{{cite |title="Signal stability based adaptive routing (SSA) for ad-hoc mobile networks"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=241244}}</ref>, Enhanced Associativity Based Routing Protocol ('''EABR''')<ref>{{cite |title="Enhanced Associativity Based Routing Protocol"|url=http://thescipub.com/PDF/jcssp.2006.853.858.pdf}}</ref> , Alternative Enhancement of Associativity-Based Routing ('''AEABR''')<ref>{{cite |title="Alternative Enhancement of Associativity-Based Routing"|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11817-3_7#page-1
}}</ref>, Optimized Associativity Threshold Routing ('''OABTR''')<ref>{{cite |title="Optimized Associativity Threshold Routing"|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.79.8653&rep=rep1&type=pdf}}</ref> , Cluster Based Enhanced Associativity-
Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" |url=file:///C:/Users/Toshiba%20User/Downloads/1439.pdf}}</ref>, Associativity-based Multicast Routing ('''ABAM'''), Multipath Associativity Based Routing ('''MABR''')<ref>{{cite |title="Multipath Associativity Based Routing"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1044034}}</ref>, and so on. The stability concept is also applied
to [[wireless sensors
==References==
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