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'''Associativity-Based Routing'''<ref>{{citecitation |title="Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C}}</ref><ref>{{citecitation |title="A novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC}}</ref><ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-007817-9</ref><ref>{{citecitation |title="Long-lived ad-hoc routing based on the concept of Associativity" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citationsview_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:YsMSGLbcyi4C}}</ref> (commonly known as ABR) is a mobile routing protocol invented for [[wireless ad hoc networks]].
ABR was invented in 1993, filed for a USA patent in 1996, and granted the patent in 1999. ABR was invented by [[Chai Keong Toh]]
while doing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University. In the 1990s, our Internet is still largely wired. Toh was working on a different
of an rapidly deployable mobile Internet. The underlying protocols for Internet were TCP/UDP/IP. Those protocols do not support
spontaneous network creation, and do not handle dynamics due to mobility of computers. The assumption was end host are static host,
and they do not move. Another assumption was the network is wired (with copper wires or fiber).
Since existing Internet protocols cannot support ad hoc mobile computing, a new mobile Internet is need. This calls for a new network
layer software that will enable anytime and anywhere mobile computing, while at the same time, retains compatibility with IP/UDP/TCP
protocols already present in the wired Internet. ABR is an on-demand routing protocol, i.e., routes are created only as and when needed.
This, in contrast, to the existing Internet where routes are immediately available and routing tables are constantly updated among routers. According to the publications,<ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-007817-9</ref>, on-demand routing is chosen because it can reduce the amount of control packet traffic and this is suitable for a wireless network because bandwidth is limited.
==ABR Route Discovery Phase==
received all the information describing the path from source to destination. When that happens, the destination then chose the best
route (because there may be more than one path from the source to the destination) and send a REPLY back to the source node, over
the chosen path.
Note that when the packet transits backwards from destination to the source, each intermediate nodes will update their routing
phase. The RRC basically repairs the broken link by having the upstream node (which sense the link break) doing a localized
route repair. The localized route repair is in the form of localized broadcast query, in the search for an alternative
long-lived partial route to the destination.
ABR route maintenance consists of:
*(a) partial route discovery,
When a discovered route is no longer needed, a RD (Route Delete) packet will be initiated by the source node
so that all intermediate nodes in the route will update their routing table entries and stopped relay data
packets associated with this deleted route.
In addition to using RD to delete a route, ABR can also implement a soft state approach where route entries
are expired or invalidated after timed out, when there is no traffic activity related to the route over a
period of time.
==ABR Practicality==
In 1998, ABR was successfully implemented<ref>{{citecitation |title="Mobile Computing Magazine Interview Article, 1999 |url=http://init.unizar.es/images/MobiCompMag1999.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citecitation |title="Implementation and evaluation of an adaptive routing protocol for infrastructureless mobile networks" |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Implementation-and-evaluation-of-an-adaptive-Toh-Lin/422dbbb6a624855a4636bed56c65e0d1278f9e6a}}</ref><ref>{{citecitation |title="Evaluating the communication performance of an ad hoc wireless network" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:WF5omc3nYNoC}}</ref><ref>{{citecitation |title="Experimenting with an Ad Hoc wireless network " |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=377622}}</ref> into Linux kernel, in various different branded laptops (IBM Thinkpad,
COMPAQ, Toshiba, etc) that are equipped with [[WaveLAN]] 802.11a PCMCIA wireless adapters. A working 6-node wide
[[wireless ad hoc network]] spanning a distance of over 600 meters was achieved and the successful event was published in Mobile Computing Magazine in 1999. Various tests were performed with the network:
*[1] Transmission of up to 100MBytes of data from source to destination over 3-hop route.
*[2] Link breaks and automatic link repairs proven to be working
*[3] Automatic Route Discovery
*[4] Route Delete
*[5] Web Server in Ad Hoc mode - with source being client and destination being the web server
*[6] Transmission of multimedia information (audio<ref>{{ citecitation |title="Transporting Audio over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks" |url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/46490/1/92280.pdf?accept=1}}</ref> and video) ▼
▲*[6] Transmission of multimedia information (audio<ref>{{cite |title="Transporting Audio over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks" |url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/46490/1/92280.pdf?accept=1}}</ref> and video)
*[7] [[TELNET]] over Ad Hoc
*[8] [[FTP]] over Ad Hoc
*[9] [[HTTP]] over Ad Hoc
*[1] End-to-end delay
*[2] TCP throughput
*[3] Packet loss ratio
*[4] Route discovery delay
*[5] Route repair delay
In 2002, TRW Tactical Systems Incorporation implemented<ref>{{citecitation |title="Next-Generation Tactical Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228887934_Next-Generation_Tactical_Ad_Hoc_Mobile_Wireless_Networks}}</ref> an enhancement of the ABR protocol
and successfully implemented on ORiNOCO WaveLAN 802.11b over an X windows system running
Linux 5.2 Operating System on DELL laptops. The implementation and field test were done
* Network layer QoS
* Route pre-emption
==ABR Patent & Applications==
ABR was granted a US patent 5987011<ref>{{citecitation |title="A Routing Method for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks" |url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5987011}}</ref> and the assignee being [[King's College Cambridge]], UK. ABR was subsequently licensed to a US defense corporation.
Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks bloom with US defense spending over $2 Billion in programs and research by DARA,
DoD, Air Force, Coast Guards, and US Navy.<ref>{{citecitation |title="Naval Communications" |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11605/chapter/8#153}}</ref>.
In October 2013, the '''Storm Disaster Sandy''' hit the USA, and US Coast Guards used mobile ad hoc
networking technology to quickly established networks to facilitate rescue operations. Many lives were saved.<ref>{{citecitation |title="After Sandy hit, Coast Guard comms got ... better" |url=https://gcn.com/articles/2013/10/07/gcn-award-coast-guard-trident.aspx}}</ref>
In '''US Operation Enduring Freedom''' on wars with Afghanistan, tactical ad hoc mobile
communications is used in the battlefield. <ref>{{citecitation |title="Army networking radios improve communications at tactical edge" |url=https://www.army.mil/article/68498/Army_networking_radios_improve_communications_at_tactical_edge}}</ref>
'''Globally''', defense and national science organizations in other countries have also invested heavily on research programs related to mobile ad hoc networks. Such countries include USA, UK,<ref>{{citecitation |title="UK MoD High Capacity Tactical Ad Hoc Radio" |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514562/HOCS_F0I_2016_11086____Information_on_use_at_High_Capacity_Data_Radio__HCDR_.pdf}}</ref>, Canada, Sweden, Singapore, Australia,<ref>{{citecitation |title="Australia DSTO Military ad-hoc wireless network" |url=http://www.acorn.net.au/show/project/57/}}</ref>, Germany, Norway,<ref>{{citecitation |title="Research Council of Norway, VERDIKT Program" |url=http://wiki.unik.no/media/Swacom/SwacomProjectProposal.pdf}}</ref>, France, Switzerland, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, China, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Finland, etc.
Many industries have
* Northrop Grumman
==ABR Descendants==
Quite a few other mobile ad hoc routing protocols have incorporated ABR's stability concept or have done extensions and enhancement of ABR, such as Signal
Stability-based Adaptive Routing Protocol ('''SSA'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Signal stability based adaptive routing (SSA) for ad-hoc mobile networks"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=241244}}</ref>, Enhanced Associativity Based Routing Protocol ('''EABR'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Enhanced Associativity Based Routing Protocol"|url=http://thescipub.com/PDF/jcssp.2006.853.858.pdf}}</ref> , Alternative Enhancement of Associativity-Based Routing ('''AEABR'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Alternative Enhancement of Associativity-Based Routing"|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11817-3_7#page-1
}}</ref>, Optimized Associativity Threshold Routing ('''OABTR'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Optimized Associativity Threshold Routing"|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.79.8653&rep=rep1&type=pdf}}</ref> , Cluster Based Enhanced Associativity-Based Routing ('''CBE-ABR'''),<REFref>{{citecitation |title="CBE-ABR: A Cluster Based Enhanced Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks" |url=http://airccse.org/journal/cnc/1009s5.pdf}}</ref> Associativity-Based Clustering Protocol ('''ABCP'''), <ref>{{citecitation |title="Associativity-Based Clustering Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" |url=https://jan.newmarch.name/conferences/ccnc05/DATA/1-N03-04.PDF}}</ref> Fuzzy Based Trust Associativity-Based Routing ('''Fuzzy-ABR'''), Associativity Tick Averaged Associativity-Based Routing ('''ATA-AR'''), <ref>{{citecitation |title="Associativity Tick Averaged Associativity-Based Routing for Realtime Mobile Networks" |url=http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/8a07694d909694a_ek.pdf}}</ref>, Self-adaptive Q-learning based trust ABR ('''QTABR'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Self-Adaptive Trust Based ABR Protocol for MANETs Using Q-Learning" |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164804/}}</ref>, Quality of Service Extensions to ABR ('''QoSE-ABR'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Adding Quality of Service Extensions to the Associativity Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1487990}}</ref>, TABU Search Initiated Associativity-Based Routing ('''TIG-ABR''') ,<ref>{{citecitation |title="Improved Associativity Based Routing for Multi Hop Networks Using TABU Initialized Genetic Algorithm" |url=http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer16/ijaerv11n7_28.pdf}}</ref>, Associativity-based Multicast Routing ('''ABAM'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="ABAM: On-Demand Associativity-Based Multicast" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3874369_ABAM_On-Demand_Associativity-Based_Multicast_Routing_for_Ad_Hoc_Mobile_Networks}}</ref>, Multipath Associativity Based Routing ('''MABR'''),<ref>{{citecitation |title="Multipath Associativity Based Routing"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1044034}}</ref>, and so on. The stability concept is also applied to [[wireless sensors network]]<ref>{{citecitation |title="Associative routing for wireless sensor networks" |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366411000326}}</ref> and VANETs - [[Vehicular Ad Hoc Network]].<ref>{{citecitation |title="A Stable Routing Protocol for Vehicles in Urban Environments" |url=http://dsn.sagepub.com/content/9/11/759261.full}}</ref>
==References==
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