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*In the [[liberal tradition]], the 19th Century [[Reform movement]] promoted the idea of Judaism as “ethical monotheism”. The liberal movements (especially Reform and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]) have fostered novel approaches to Jewish ethics. (For example, [[Eugene Borowitz]]).
*In 20th Century, [[Orthodox]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] Judaism, Jewish writers typically tackle contemporary ethical, social and political issues by interpreting rabbinic law ([[Halakha]]) in [[responsa]] (formal opinions). The Reform movement also employs a rabbinic law approach in its [[responsa]]. The dominant topic for such [[applied ethics]] has been medical ethics and bioethics (see references, below). (See also Jewish [[business ethics]].)
In terms of descriptive ethics, the study of Jewish moral practices and theory is situated more in the disciplines of history and the social sciences than in ''ethics'' proper, with some exceptions (e.g., Newman 1998).
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