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=== The emerging field of information management ===
With the proliferation of [[information technology]] starting in the 1970s, the job of [[information management]] had taken a new light, and also began to include the field of [[data maintenance]]. No longer was information management a simple job that could be performed by almost anyone. An understanding of the technology involved, and the theory behind it became necessary. As [[information storage]] shifted to electronic means, this became more and more difficult.<ref name="FG89"/>
[[Image:4-2 ANSI-SPARC three level architecture.svg|thumb|320px|The notion of a three-schema model was first introduced in 1975 by the [[ANSI-SPARC Architecture|ANSI/X3/SPARC three level architecture]], which determined three levels to model data.<ref name="MW99">Matthew West and Julian Fowler (1999). [http://www.matthew-west.org.uk/publications/princ03.pdf High Quality Data Models]. The European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive (EPISTLE).</ref>]]
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