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In [[imaging science]], '''image processing''' is processing of images using mathematical operations by using any form of [[signal processing]] for which the input is an image, a series of images, or a video, such as a [[photograph]] or [[video frame]]; the output of image processing may be either an image or a set of characteristics or [[parameter]]s related to the image.<ref name="GonzalezWoods2008">{{cite book|author1=Rafael C. Gonzalez|author2=Richard E. Woods|title=Digital Image Processing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uGOnjRGEzoC|year=2008|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-168728-8|pages=1–3}}</ref> Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a [[two-dimensional]] [[signal (electrical engineering)|signal]] and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. Images are also processed as [[three-dimensional]] signals with the third-dimension being time or the z-axis.
Image processing usually refers to [[digital image processing]], but [[Optical engineering|optical]] and [[analog image processing]] also are possible. This article is about general techniques that apply to all of them. The ''acquisition'' of images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging.Image acquisition is defined as the action of retrieving an image from some source,usually a hardware based source.<ref name="hornak2002">Joseph P. Hornak, ''Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology'' ([[John Wiley & Sons]], 2002) ISBN 9780471332763</ref>
Closely related to image processing are [[computer graphics]] and [[computer vision]]. In computer graphics, images are manually ''made'' from physical models of objects, environments, and lighting, instead of being acquired (via imaging devices such as cameras) from ''natural'' scenes, as in most animated movies. Computer vision, on the other hand, is often considered ''high-level'' image processing out of which a machine/computer/software intends to decipher the physical contents of an image or a sequence of images (e.g., videos or 3D full-body magnetic resonance scans).
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